{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:19:22Z","timestamp":1787919562229,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mastitis is one of the most prevalent and economically significant diseases in dairy cattle, causing to inflammation of the mammary gland and reduced milk yield.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>Vitex pseudo\u2010negundo<\/jats:italic>\n                      (VPN) extracts in an experimentally induced rat mastitis model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups of 10. Group I served as the control group. Mastitis was induced by intramammary injection of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (SA) (1.5\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0cfu\/mL; 10\u00a0\u00b5L per gland) into the L4, L5, R4 and R5 mammary glands. Group III received intramammary gentamicin (0.25\u00a0mg\/10\u00a0\u00b5L\/day) for 5 days. Groups IV\u2013VI received VPN extracts\u2014water (0.2603\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/day), ethanol (0.0803\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/day) and petroleum ether (0.1042\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/day), administered at 10\u00a0\u00b5L per gland for the same duration. Rats were clinically monitored three times daily from the onset of clinical signs until euthanasia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SA infection significantly increased mammary gland weight, total oxidative status (TOS) and bacterial load and induced tissue pathology, while decreasing total antioxidant status (TAS). C\u2010reactive protein levels remained unchanged. VPN significantly improved mammary gland weight, TOS, TAS, bacterial load and histological parameters (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Mammary gland weight, oxidative stress, bacterial load and histopathological lesion severity all decreased markedly following treatment. Histological examination showed near\u2010normal restoration of mammary gland architecture in all treatment groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preparations of VPN, particularly the water extract, demonstrated strong potential for restoring altered microbiological, biochemical and histological parameters in this rat mastitis model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:03:51Z","timestamp":1781607831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of\n                    <i>Vitex pseudo\u2010negundo<\/i>\n                    in a Bovine Mastitis Model Experimentally Induced by\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9031-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Ko\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Vocational School of Ma\u00e7ka Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9123-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"F\u0131nd\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ondokuz May\u0131s University  Samsun T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1468-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolga","family":"G\u00fcven\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ondokuz May\u0131s University  Samsun T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevzat","family":"Batan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8199-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seda","family":"Fandakl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services Artvin Coruh University  Artvin T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1408-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"F\u0131nd\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ondokuz May\u0131s University  Samsun T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"T\u00fcrkiye S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k I\u015fletmelerinin Yap\u0131s\u0131 Ve Gelece\u011fin S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri","volume":"2010","author":"Akman N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Ziraat M\u00fchendisli\u011fi VII Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler (II)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Study of Antibacterial Phenolic Compounds of Vitex Genus Leaves Extractions by HPLC and SNPS of the First Structural Biosynthesis Pathway Gene (PAL)","volume":"20","author":"Almuslih S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Archives"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Temel Mikrobiyoloji, 2. 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