{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:29:47Z","timestamp":1792625387805,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine & Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Hormonal synchronization of oestrous has been an available technology to improve the efficiency of field artificial insemination (AI) in the dairy sector.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study was aimed at investigating the breeding practices, status of AI and effectiveness of oestrus synchronization (ES) on small\u2010scale dairy farming in selected districts of the Wolaita Zone.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Cross\u2010sectional survey and retrospective data on the oestrus synchronization\u00a0were collected and analysed. Descriptive statistics, chi\u2010square tests, and indexed ranking procedures were applied to summarize the study data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The predominant mating system practiced by dairy farmers was AI (55.6%), and 73.5% of farmers apply controlled mating. The highest response rate to PGF\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u03b1 administration was obtained for cattle of Sodo town (89.5%), followed by Boloso Sore (78.8%). A 30%\u201345.2% pregnancy rate was obtained across the study districts. Crossbred cattle have shown significantly (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.001) higher response (87.1%) and pregnancy rates (47.9%) than the local animals. Likewise, 9.6%\u201318.5% of the birth rate was obtained from this study. Farmers' overall perceptions and desire to continue using oestrus synchronization were improving as a result of their application experiences over time. Moreover, shortage of AI inputs and AI technicians, heat detection skills, and inconsistency of the AI service during festivals, holidays, and weekends were reported as the major challenges prevailing in the study districts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The study provided insights on improving input supply, accurate heat detection and intensified cattle management are necessities to enhance field AI services and increase pregnancy rates in synchronized animals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:12:11Z","timestamp":1781608331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Status of On\u2010Farm Artificial Insemination Services and Effectiveness of Oestrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle Under Small\u2010Scale Dairy Farming System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4053-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temesgen","family":"Milkias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock and Fishery Development Office, Wolaita Zone South Ethiopia Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8663-3823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chencha","family":"Chebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Arba Minch University, Arba Minch South Ethiopia Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Arba Minch University, Arba Minch South Ethiopia Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Abonou T. F.2007. \u201cImplementation of a Bovine Artificial Insemination Program in the Dakar Region Senegal.\u201d Doctoral Thesis of Veterinary Medicine of Dakar EISMV.25."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15580\/GJAS.2017.6.072117090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Aynalem H.2006. \u201cGenetic and Economic Analysis of Ethiopian Boran Cattle and Their Crosses With Holstein Friesian in central Ethiopia.\u201d PhD thesis National Dairy Research Institute (I.C.A.R) Haryana India.197."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Resilience of Agricultural Systems Against Crises","author":"Azage T.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Azage T. H.Dirk G.Berhanu andG.Solomon.2016. \u201cHistory and Experience of Hormonal Oestrus Synchronization and Mass Insemination of Cattle for Improved Genetic in Ethiopia: From Science to Developmental Impact.\u201d Live Work Shop Paper 16."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Bainesagn W.2015. \u201cAssessment of Breeding Practices and Evaluation of Estrus Synchronization and Mass Insemination Technique in Dairy Cattle in West Shoa Zone.\u201d Master's thesis Haramaya University."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(91)90064-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9914095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"587","volume-title":"Agricultural Sample Survey, Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings)","author":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20884\/1.jap.2017.19.2.616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Sampling Techniques","author":"Cochran W. 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September 24\u201326 Addis Ababa Ethiopia.87\u2013104."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Destalem G.2015. \u201cBreeding Practice and Estrus Synchronization Evaluation of Dairy Cattle in Central Zone of Tigray Northern Ethiopia.\u201d Master's thesis Jimma University."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Effect of One Shot Prostaglandin on Estrus Synchronization of Local and Holstein Friesian Cattle in and Around Wukro Kilte Aw ulaelo District, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Girmay G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Gizaw S. Y.Tesfaye Z.Mekuriaw et\u00a0al.2016. \u201cOestrus Synchronization for Accelerated Delivery of Improved Dairy Genetics in Ethiopia: Results From Action Research and Development Interventions.\u201dInternational Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 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S.2004. \u201cBreeding Objectives and Breeding Strategies for Small Ruminants in the Tropics.\u201d PhD thesis Wageningen University."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003356100040356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"Patterson D. J. A. J.Greay B. E.Bishop J. W. C.Locke J. E.Decker andM. F.Smith.2016. \u201cControl of Estrus and Ovulation in Beef Cows.\u201d InApplied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle\u2014Conference Proceedings. September 7\u20138 Des Moines Iowa."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Factors That Limit First Service Pregnancy Rate in Cows at Char Management of Bangladesh","volume":"23","author":"Paul A. 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