{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:44Z","timestamp":1787923004736,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Currently, a wide variety of pharmaceutical agents are marketed, but only a minority are authorized for use in animals with specific indications. Many veterinary professionals prescribe and administer medications based only on a tentative diagnosis, without first confirming the exact disease or condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the utilization patterns of veterinary drugs across different animal species and to identify factors associated with inappropriate drug use in selected veterinary clinics of Mekelle City, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted from April to October 2024 in three veterinary clinics (Clinic A, Clinic B, and Clinic C) in Mekelle City. The data were collected from case registration books and through a questionnaire survey administered to 15 veterinary clinicians. Information on prescribed drugs, diagnostic practices, and prescribing factors was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi\u2010square tests, and logistic regression methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2183 drug products were prescribed for 1800 animal patients during the study period. Antimicrobials were the most frequently prescribed drug category, accounting for 55.3% of all prescriptions, followed by anthelmintics (21.2%) and other drugs (16.0%). Among antimicrobials, oxytetracycline (81.1%) and pen\u2010strip (13.5%) were the most commonly prescribed drugs, while ivermectin (74.5%) was the predominant anthelmintic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall utilization patterns of veterinary medications in the three selected study clinics did not follow recommended guidelines for their use. Therefore, diagnostic accuracy and drug selection should be strengthened by promoting evidence\u2010based diagnosis through better laboratory support and clinical guidelines to minimize tentative diagnoses and poor drug choices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:30:13Z","timestamp":1782210613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Utilization Pattern of Veterinary Drugs in Selected Veterinary Clinics of Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Hagos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology Mekelle University  Mekelle Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mebrahtu","family":"Weldegebriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology Mekelle University  Mekelle Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagazi","family":"Fantay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology Mekelle University  Mekelle Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haftom Yirga","family":"Tsegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences Mekelle University  Mekelle Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Bayou K. andE.Bishoftu.2015. \u201cLesion Characterization Bacterial Isolation and Viral Detection From Respiratory Tract of Dromedary Camels Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Akaki Municipal Abattoir Ethiopia.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.academia.edu\/72307465\/Lesion_Characterization_Bacterial_Isolation_and_Viral_Detection_From_Respiratory_Tract_of_Dromedary_Camels_Slaughtered_at_Addis_Ababa_Akaki_Municipal_Abattoir_Ethiopia."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Veterinary Drug Residues in Food\u2010Animal Products: Their Risk Factors and Potential Effects on Public Health","volume":"7","author":"Beyene T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","article-title":"Assessment of Rational Veterinary Drug Use in Livestock at Adama District Veterinary Clinic, Central Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Beyene T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1466-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Rational Veterinary Drug Use: Its Significance in Public Health","volume":"6","author":"Beyene T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA).2008.Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration Report On Livestock And Farm Implements (Part IV).Central Statistical Agency."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Drug Administration and Control Authority.2006.Standard Treatment Guidelines for Veterinary Practice. 1st ed. Chamber Printed House."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Rational Use of Medicines: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Dutta S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"Ethiopian Agricultural Authority.2020.Standard Veterinary Treatment Guides for Ethiopia. 2nd ed.https:\/\/eaa.gov.et\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/STANDARD\u2010VETERINARY\u2010TREATMENT\u2010GUIDES_DIGITAL.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Flynn W. T.2012. \u201cThe Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in Food\u2010Producing Animals (Guidance for Industry #209).\u201dU.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AnimalVeterinary\/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement\/GuidanceforIndustry\/UCM216936.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP12.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01462-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132719876522"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"Assessment of Medication Dosage Adjustment in Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":"Hassan Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"Isah A. D.Ross\u2010Degnan J.Quick R.Laing andA.Mabadeje.2004. \u201cThe Development of Standard Values for the WHO Drug Use Prescribing Indicators.\u201d Paper presented at the International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines (ICIUM).who.int."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000381"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20190161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"Mekelle City Administration.2012. \u201cMekelle City Administration Administrative Boundaries [Data set].\u201d Extracted using Esri ArcGIS Desktop (Version 10.1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0711.1000559"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7041926"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30954\/2277-940X.05.2019.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/1872-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2097-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review on Rational Use of Veterinary Drugs and Its Status in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Teklu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"A Review of Drug Utilization Studies and Methodologies","volume":"1","author":"Truter I.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04380-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components (No. WHO\/EDM\/2002). 3)","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13188\/2325-4645.1000062"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71045","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71045","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:18:17Z","timestamp":1787919497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71045","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71045"}}