{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:36Z","timestamp":1787922996655,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004697","name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1401011672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1401011672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004697","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Avian haemosporidians (\n                      <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and erythrocytic bacteria (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>Aegyptianella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) are globally widespread, yet their epidemiology in Iran's semi\u2010arid ecosystems remains understudied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first survey of avian blood parasites in Semnan Province, Iran, integrating microscopic and spatial analyses to identify host and environmental factors influencing infection patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From September 2022 to December 2023, 263 healthy birds from ten species were examined. Giemsa\u2010stained blood smears were screened microscopically. Infection hotspots and risk factors were identified using Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, logistic regression, and spatial mapping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall infection prevalence was 22.1% and was dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (18.6%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (1.5%),\n                      <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (1.1%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Aegyptianella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (0.8%). Pigeons exhibited the highest infection rate and were nearly three times more likely to be infected than other species (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.38\u20135.60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004). Spatial analysis revealed infection clustering in Shahroud County, which exhibits relatively higher humidity and vegetation cover compared with other parts of the predominantly semi\u2011arid Semnan Province. These findings highlight the potential influence of local climatic and ecological factors on the distribution of avian haemosporidian parasites. Although infection appeared slightly higher during spring and summer (9.6% and 7.3%, respectively) compared with autumn (3.4%) and winter (1.9%), the observed differences were not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This baseline study provides important epidemiological data and establishes a framework for future molecular and vector\u2011based investigations of avian blood parasites in the Middle East.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1782209981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Distribution and Host\u2010Specific Patterns of Avian Haemosporidian Infections in a Semi\u2010Arid Region of Northeastern Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Seyed\u2010Reza","family":"Mirbadie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Hamadan University of Medical Sciences  Hamadan Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasoul","family":"Alimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences  Torbat Heydariyeh 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