{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:27Z","timestamp":1787922987856,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease (FMD) is among the most important transboundary animal diseases, causing widespread economic losses due to decreased productivity, trade restrictions, and costly disease management efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize circulating FMDV serotypes and quantify within\u2010farm transmission dynamics during active outbreaks in Bishoftu, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five epithelial tissue and 39 oral swab samples were collected from 11 dairy farms experiencing active FMD outbreaks. Samples were tested using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010qPCR) and antigen\u2010capturing enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for FMDV detection and serotyping. A susceptible\u2010infected\u2010recovered (SIR) model was fitted to outbreak data to quantify transmission dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 44 samples, 37 (84.1%) were positive for FMDV using RT\u2010qPCR, and 23 (52.3%) were positive by ELISA. Serotypes O, SAT\u20101, and SAT\u20102 were identified, with SAT\u20102 being predominant. Transmission modelling indicated an average transmission rate (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of 0.82 and a recovery rate (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of 0.32 per day, corresponding to a mean basic reproductive number (R\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of 3.7. The trivalent vaccine demonstrated low effectiveness (31% against single serotypes; 26% when adjusted for mixed infections), which was insufficient to achieve herd immunity given the high transmission intensity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that vaccination alone cannot control FMD in these systems. Control requires improved vaccine matching and the combination of vaccination with enhanced biosecurity measures, such as animal isolation and movement control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1782210187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serotype Characterization and Transmission Modelling of Foot\u2010and\u2010Mouth Disease in Dairy Farms, Bishoftu, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eyerusalem","family":"Fetene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University  Bishoftu Ethiopia"},{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystem, Division of Animal Health Engineering, Laboratory for Host\u2010Pathogen Interaction for Livestock  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dereje","family":"Shegu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute  Sebeta Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayelech","family":"Muluneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute  Sebeta Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abde","family":"Aliy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute  Sebeta Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Paeshuyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystem, Division of Animal Health Engineering, Laboratory for Host\u2010Pathogen Interaction for Livestock  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanos Tadesse","family":"Woldemariyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI)  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haileleul","family":"Negussie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University  Bishoftu Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samson","family":"Leta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University  Bishoftu Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090091"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181633.80269.4c"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.04.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Sero\u2010Prevalence of Bovine Foot and Mouth Disease in Selected Districts of Eastern Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Belina D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and 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Composition and Characteristics of Dairy Production in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Megersa M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1465923"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237456"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v26i1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1086702"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Terrestrial Animal Health Code","author":"Office International des \u00c9pizooties (OIE)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core 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G.Gebru S.Desta et\u00a0al.2015.Ethiopia Livestock Master Plan Roadmaps for Growth and Transformation. ILRI Project Report.https:\/\/www.ilri.org\/knowledge\/publications\/ethiopia\u2010livestock\u2010master\u2010plan\u2010roadmaps\u2010growth\u2010and\u2010transformation."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i09"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010018\u20101429\u20109"},{"issue":"189","key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Transmission Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease in Selected Outbreak Areas of Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"147","author":"Tadesse B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025\u20105564(02)00108\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41752"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111076"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71054","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71054","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:17:36Z","timestamp":1787919456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71054","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71054"}}