{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:20Z","timestamp":1787922980454,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fatty liver is highly prevalent in dairy cows and poses a significant challenge to the dairy industry by reducing both milk yield and quality, thereby inflicting substantial economic losses. Although dietary betaine supplementation has been demonstrated to enhance milk protein content, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to elucidate the role of betaine in milk protein synthesis and the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood, liver and mammary gland samples were obtained from healthy and fatty liver\u2010affected bovines. The serum NEFA levels, oxidation and antioxidant enzyme systems and milk protein synthesis\u2010related proteins expression were determined. In vitro, the bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were pretreated with 25\u00a0mM betaine\/10\u00a0mM N\u2010acetyl\u2010L\u2010cysteine (NAC) and then stimulated with NEFA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results indicated an elevation in serum NEFA levels accompanied by enhanced oxidative stress (OS) and reduced protein levels related to milk protein synthesis (phosphorylated (p)\u2010mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)\/mTOR, p\u2010ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)\/S6K1, p\u2010Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)\/JAK2, p\u2010signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)\/STAT5 and \u03b2\u2010casein) in dairy cows with fatty liver. In vitro, the results revealed betaine decreased the hydrogen peroxide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxygen free radicals (OFR) contents, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, but increased the glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activities; the reduced glutathione\u2010to\u2010oxidised glutathione (GSH\/GSSG) ratio; and the total antioxidant capacity (T\u2010AOC); and elevated protein levels related to milk protein synthesis in NEFA\u2010treated BMECs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that betaine reduces NEFA\u2010induced OS and enhances milk protein synthesis, suggesting its potential as a nutritional intervention for enhancing milk protein content in dairy cows with metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T14:41:14Z","timestamp":1782657674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Betaine Promotes Milk Protein Synthesis via Alleviating Oxidative Stress Caused by NEFA in Mammary Epithelial Cells of Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenwang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Metabolic and Poisoning Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine Qingdao Agricultural University  Qingdao Shandong 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