{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:14Z","timestamp":1787922974815,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a chronic infectious disease that causes significant economic losses in the dairy and beef industries worldwide. Despite extensive research, there is no licensed vaccine available for effective prevention and control of BLV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to design and evaluate a novel multi\u2010epitope vaccine candidate against BLV using an integrated computational and experimental approach to enhance immunogenicity, expression efficiency, and molecular stability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Major BLV structural proteins (gp51, gp30, and p24) were analyzed for B\u2010 and T\u2010cell epitope prediction using immunoinformatics tools. Selected epitopes were assembled into a single chimeric construct with appropriate linkers and an N\u2010terminal \u03b2\u2010defensin adjuvant. The vaccine was evaluated for antigenicity, allergenicity, and physicochemical properties. Structural modelling, molecular docking with Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs), and RNA stability analyses were performed to assess receptor binding affinity and translational efficiency. Codon optimization for\n                      <jats:italic>Lactococcus lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was conducted using the JCAT server, and in silico cloning was verified in the NICE pNZ8148 vector.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The designed vaccine showed high antigenicity (VaxiJen score: 0.7261), non\u2010allergenicity, and stability, with an optimal codon adaptation index (0.94) and GC content (48.55%). Molecular docking revealed strong interactions with TLR9 (\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score = \u20132.5; van der Waals energy = \u221256.5 \u00b1 3.8\u00a0kcal\/mol), suggesting effective immune receptor engagement. RNAfold analysis indicated a stable mRNA structure (MFE = \u2013155.20\u00a0kcal\/mol), supporting efficient expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The multi\u2010epitope vaccine candidate demonstrated favourable immunological, structural, and translational properties, indicating its strong potential as a next\u2010generation recombinant vaccine against BLV. Further in vitro and in vivo validation is warranted to confirm its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cattle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T09:57:56Z","timestamp":1783504676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational and Experimental Development of a Novel Multi\u2010Epitope Vaccine Candidate Against Bovine Leukaemia Virus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Dini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science Babol University of Medical Science  Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tohid","family":"Piri\u2010Gharaghie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University  Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elahe","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ka.C., Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronak","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Islamic Azad University of Tabriz  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v4i3.31216"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2018.4248"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"mRNA Secondary Structure Prediction and Its Impact on Protein Translation","volume":"18","author":"Bai Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Structural Modeling and Validation of Peptide\u2010Based Vaccines","volume":"181","author":"Chen J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Design of Multi\u2010Epitope Vaccines Using Immunoinformatics","volume":"2131","author":"Dhanda S. 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