{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:19:39Z","timestamp":1787919579141,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007831","name":"University of Tabriz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine & Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Sarcocystis<\/jats:italic>\n is a protozoan parasite of significant zoonotic and economic importance, primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated meat. Conventional antiparasitic drugs show limited efficacy and potential side effects, leading to growing interest in nanotechnology\u2010based alternatives.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n This study evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against\n Sarcocystis<\/jats:italic>\n bradyzoites isolated from sheep.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Macroscopic cysts were collected from infected sheep muscles at the Tabriz abattoir, and bradyzoites were purified and confirmed to be viable using trypan blue staining and a bioassay in cats. The parasites were exposed to AgNP concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 800\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for 10, 30, 60 and 120\u00a0min, in triplicate. Untreated samples (phosphate\u2010buffered saline [PBS]) and 5% NaCl (positive control) were included for comparison. Data were analysed using one\u2010way ANOVA (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The results demonstrated that a dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent increase in mortality, ranging from 20.11%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.49% at 100\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL after 10\u00a0min to 59.53%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.52% at 800\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL after 120\u00a0min. Although silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) did not achieve complete inactivation, their significant effect compared to controls (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05) indicates moderate in vitro antiparasitic activity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n AgNPs exhibited measurable in vitro antiparasitic activity against\n Sarcocystis<\/jats:italic>\n bradyzoites, suggesting their promise as an adjunct or alternative to traditional drugs. Further in vivo studies are recommended to assess safety, optimal dosing and practical applications in veterinary and food safety contexts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:16:08Z","timestamp":1784128568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Antiparasitic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on\n Sarcocystis<\/i>\n Bradyzoites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Karimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mir\u2010Hassan","family":"Moosavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Hajipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Behniafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences Sarab East Azerbaijan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X23000731"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-024-03984-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108548"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205\u2010023\u201003835\u20101"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Giardia lamblia Cyst Stage in In Vitro","volume":"16","author":"Bavand Z.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2016.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02806-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Sarcocystis Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets","author":"Decker Franco C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-017-2478-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02208-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2022.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"Sarcocystosis Greene's Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Dubey J. 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