{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:19:39Z","timestamp":1787919579195,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk is a major public health concern due to its carcinogenicity and resistance to processing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed seasonal variation in AFM1 levels across raw, pasteurized and ultra\u2010high\u2010temperature (UHT) milk and quantified associated non\u2010carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 180 samples were collected over four seasons (October 2024\u20132025), and AFM1 concentrations were measured using HPLC\u2013fluorescence detector (FLD). Distributional characteristics were described using medians and 95th percentile (P95) values, and prevalence estimates were reported with 95% confidence intervals. A health risk assessment was conducted using the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard index (HI) and margin of exposure (MOE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AFM1 was detected in all samples (6.10\u2013176.20\u00a0ng\/kg). Overall, 23.33% (95% CI: 17.7%\u201330.1%) exceeded the Iranian limit (100\u00a0ng\/kg), and 58.88% (95% CI: 51.6%\u201365.8%) surpassed the EU limit (50\u00a0ng\/kg). Seasonal analysis showed substantially higher contamination during warm months, with raw milk in summer presenting the highest upper tail concentration (P95: 168.57\u00a0ng\/kg). Risk assessment based on P95 exposure indicated medium non\u2010carcinogenic risk (HI: 1\u201310) for children across all milk types and for adults consuming raw milk. Carcinogenic risk characterization showed MOE values below 10000 for children consuming raw and pasteurized milk, indicating inadequate safety margins. These findings demonstrate that reliance on mean AFM1 concentrations underestimates health risks, especially for children. The pronounced seasonal patterns highlight the need for strengthened monitoring and targeted control strategies, with priority given to raw milk during warm seasons to protect vulnerable paediatric populations in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:37:53Z","timestamp":1784583473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal Variation and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk From the Central Region of Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pedram","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shab.C. Islamic Azad University  Shabestar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2201-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadhosein","family":"Movassaghghazani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shab.C. Islamic Azad University  Shabestar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Zekovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism Institute for Medical Research National Institute of Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125848"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106083"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.108119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.107055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3634"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104568"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05265-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13578-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"IARC.2012.List of Classifications.IARC WHO.https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/list\u2010of\u2010classifications."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"INSO.2013.Milk and Milk Products. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 by HPLC Method and Immunoaffinity Column Clean\u2010Up Test Method.Iran National Standards Organization.https:\/\/www.inso.gov.ir\/portal\/home\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"IRNA.2018.A Global Authority Has Confirmed the First Official Report on Cancer Registration in Iran.IRNA.https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/82890158\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"IRNA.2025.1.5 Million Liver Cancer Deaths by 2050 \/Let's Take the Warnings Seriously.IRNA.https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/85900482\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15586\/ijfs.v33iSP1.2054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2023.2274727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61186\/jhehp.10.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12866"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18212-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107530"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"Evaluation of pH, Microbial Contamination, and Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Raw Milk: A Health Risk Assessment","volume":"10","author":"Nemati M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition and Food Security"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04149B"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8862738"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins in Food","volume":"18","author":"Schrenk D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29050\/harranziraat.1247936"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2370-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.024"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71099","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:15:21Z","timestamp":1787919321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71099"}}