{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:19Z","timestamp":1787922979006,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gut\u2013brain axis (GBA) represents a paradigm shift in veterinary neuropharmacology, offering novel approaches for managing neurological and behavioural disorders in companion animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review synthesizes current evidence on the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, examining the neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways that facilitate this dialogue. We explore the unique aspects of canine and feline microbiomes and their implications for species\u2010specific drug development and critically evaluate emerging pharmacological strategies, including psychobiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), highlighting their clinical applications in conditions ranging from anxiety and aggression to cognitive dysfunction and epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review followed established guidelines for evidence synthesis in veterinary medicine. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases covering publications from January 2011 to March 2026.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While promising results have been demonstrated with specific strains, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n                      BL999 and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      PS128, significant challenges remain. These include methodological limitations in microbiome research, the predominance of correlative over causal evidence and the need for standardized diagnostic tools.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future directions must prioritize large\u2010scale longitudinal studies, robust clinical trials and advanced multi\u2010omics approaches to establish causal mechanisms and develop personalized, microbiome\u2010targeted therapies. Realizing this potential requires a shift from correlative data to causal mechanisms, from a one\u2010size\u2010fits\u2010all approach to species\u2010specific therapeutics and from rodent models to rigorous trials in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:33:54Z","timestamp":1784745234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting the Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Pharmacological Modulation of the Microbiome for Neurological and Behavioural Disorders in Companion Animals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakineh","family":"Khanamani Falahatipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-4007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motahareh","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pistachio Safety Research Center Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences  Rafsanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00130"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041742"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514002943"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2024.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56771\/jsmcah.v4.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Microbiome to Brain: Unravelling the Multidirectional Axes of Communication","volume":"874","author":"El Aidy S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial Endocrinology: Interkingdom Signaling in Infectious Disease and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"RECOVER Evidence and Knowledge Gap Analysis on Veterinary CPR. 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