{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:38Z","timestamp":1791204938359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania face multiple challenges, particularly livestock diseases, which drive the imprudent use of veterinary medicines most notably antimicrobials thereby contributing to antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in Bagamoyo District to examine smallholder dairy cattle production systems, health challenges, veterinary drug use and the presence of oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in raw cow milk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structured questionnaires were administered to 110 farmers, and 50\u00a0mL of raw cow milk was collected from each for antimicrobial residue analysis. Screening for antimicrobial residues was performed using the microbial inhibition test, while identification and quantification of OTC residues were conducted using high\u2010performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were summarised using descriptive statistics and analysed with Epi\u2010Info version 7.2.6.0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semi\u2010intensive feeding systems were most common (59.1%), and most farmers (91.8%) reported disease control through good animal management and hygiene (65.5%), pesticide use (63.4%), medicines (61.8%) and vaccination (56.4%). Vector\u2010borne diseases were prevalent, with East Coast Fever (67.3%), anaplasmosis (33.6%), and trypanosomiasis (21%) being the most frequently reported. Antimicrobials, particularly OTC, were widely used for treatment (63.6%) and were readily available from veterinary shops. Encouragingly, most farmers (96.4%) reported compliance with drug withdrawal periods, citing awareness of the health risks associated with consuming milk containing antimicrobial residues. The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in milk was 10%, with mean OTC concentrations of 785.6 \u00b1 699.1 \u00b5g\/L approximately eight times higher than the Codex Alimentarius Commission's maximum residue limit (MRL) of 100 \u00b5g\/L.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Such elevated levels pose a significant public health risk to consumers and compromise milk quality. Strengthening farmer education on good livestock husbandry, effective disease control and strict adherence to drug withdrawal periods is recommended to safeguard public health and improve milk safety standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T16:04:07Z","timestamp":1785341047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survey of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farming System and Antibiotic Residues in Raw Cow's Milk in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ridhiwan I.","family":"Ramadhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hezron Emmanuel","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Aduda O. T.2022. \u201cAssessment of Antibiotic Residues in Milk Supplied by Smallholder Farmer to Processors in Kenya: A Case of Bomet Nakuru and Nyeri Counties.\u201dMSc thesis Nairobi University."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2008.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"AOAC Official Method 995.09 Chlorotetracycline, Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline in Edible Animal Tissues: Liquid Chromatographic Method","author":"AOAC International","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Applegren L. D.Arnold J.Boisseau et\u00a0al.1999. \u201cEvaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food.\u201d InFiftiethReport of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Vol.888 1\u201395."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"CAC.2023. \u201cMaximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Risk Management Recommendations (RMRs) for Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods CX\/MRL 2\u20132023.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao\u2010who\u2010codexalimentarius."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Cervantes\u2010Godoy D. andJ.Dewbre.2020. \u201cThe Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges.\u201dhttps:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/2e90c833\u20108e84\u201046f2\u2010a675\u2010ea2d7afa4e24\/content."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Awareness, Knowledge and Practice of Pastoralists and Agro\u2010Pastoralists Towards Livestock Diseases Affecting Domestic Animals in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania","volume":"2013","author":"Chengula A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"CLSI Supplement M100","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229478"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"EU (European Commission).2009. \u201cOn Pharmacologically Active Substances and Their Classification Regarding Maximum Residue Limits in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin.\u201dCommission Regulation (EU). No 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009 1\u201376."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2020.00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203031000098696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1031726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1056\u20101064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.558973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2005.6.3.213"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","article-title":"Awareness of Human Health Risks Associated With the Use of Antibiotics Among Livestock Keepers and Factors That Contribute to Selection of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria Within Livestock in Tanzania","volume":"24","author":"Katakweba A. A. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269\u2010026\u201001393\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v82i1.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4339-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17\u20100409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.10.2487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00986\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Lugamara C. B.2024. \u201cPost\u2010Harvest Milk Losses Among Tanzanian Milk Supply Chain Actors and Its Implications on Milk Producing Households' Food Security.\u201dPhD thesis Sokoine University of Agriculture.234."},{"issue":"02","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review of Post\u2010Harvest Milk Losses in Tanzania's Milk Sector: Lessons From Production to Consumption","volume":"22","author":"Lugamara C. B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36348\/sjmps.2023.v09i03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70944"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"MLF (Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries).2026. \u201cBudget Speech of 2025\/2026.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.mifugouvuvi.go.tz\/speeches."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/verixiv.2748.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tvj.v40i2.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"Ngou A.. \u201cEvaluation of the Causes of Infertility in Dairy Cattle on Smallholder Farms in Tanzania.\u201dA Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science.(Massey University School of Veterinary Science Manawatu;2026) pp.251.https:\/\/mro.massey.ac.nz\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/08df71d4\u20108201\u20104e5b\u2010ad19\u20104e2ce9ebf9ac\/content."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863\u20102378.2008.01226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","unstructured":"Pwani Region Investment Guide.2019. \u201cThe United Republic of Tanzania President's Office Regional Administration and Local Government.\u201d ISBN: 978 \u2010 9987 \u2010 664 \u2010 04 \u2010 7 E\u2010m.https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/2023\u201011\/pwaniregioninvestementguide.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.694082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"Syit A. D.2011. \u201cDetection and Determination of Oxytetracycline and Penicillin Antibiotic Residue Levels in Bovine Bulk Milk From Debrezeit and Nazareth Dairy Farms in Ethiopia.\u201d In:Proceedings of the 1st International Technology Education and Environment Conference African Society for Scientific Research edited by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society. May 2008 Addis Ababa Ethiopia.325\u2013337."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"TDB (Tanzania Dairy Board).2020. Annual Progress Report 2019\/2020. Dar es Salaam Tanzania."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"TLMP.2017. \u201cTanzania Livestock Master Plan of 2017\/2018\u20132021\/2022.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.mifugouvuvi.go.tz\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","volume-title":"The 2022 Population and Housing Census: Administrative Units Population Distribution Report","author":"URT","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy3030039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Wambua C. N.2016. \u201cPrevalence and Concentration of Specific Antibiotic Residues in Raw Milk From Dairy Farms in Peri\u2010Urban Nairobi Kenya.\u201dMSc thesis.Moi University."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Wilson R. T.2003. \u201cLivestock Production and Farm Animal Genetic Resources in the Usangu Wetland of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania.\u201dLivestock Research for Rural Development15. Article #2. Accessed November 13 2025.http:\/\/www.lrrd.org\/lrrd15\/1\/wils151.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121197"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71108","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71108","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:26:21Z","timestamp":1791203181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71108","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71108"}}