{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:13Z","timestamp":1787922973554,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Haemoprotozoan infections are a pervasive threat to livestock health in tropical regions, yet their specific impacts on reproductive function remain unidentified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study tested the hypothesis that blood protozoan infection induces anaemia and disrupts ovarian follicular dynamics, thereby contributing to infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty cows (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a040) with reproductive complaints were examined, and blood samples were analysed for protozoan infection and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Ten cyclic cows without any reproductive problems were served as controls. Ex vivo assessments were performed on reproductive tracts (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a030) collected from an abattoir, followed by histopathological examination of ovarian tissues. A complementary rabbit (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010) model was conducted to assess haematological and iron metabolic changes across the oestrous cycle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 30 symptomatic cows, 100% tested positive for blood protozoan infection, with distribution rates of 53.3% (8\/15) in anoestrus, 40.0% (4\/10) in repeat breeding and 20.0% (1\/5) in conception failure. Infected cows exhibited significantly lower Hb levels (6.6\u00a0g%) compared to non\u2010infected controls (10.6\u00a0g%). Cows with Hb \u22646.5\u00a0g% exhibited rudimentary ovaries, small to medium follicles and follicular cysts, whereas those with Hb \u22657\u00a0g% showed normal ovarian morphology. Histopathology confirmed cystic degeneration, fibrosis and aberrant follicular structures in infected cows. The rabbit model showed a significant decline in Hb and disruptions in serum iron levels during the anoestrus phase, reinforcing the link between iron metabolism and reproductive cyclicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that subclinical blood protozoan infection severely impairs ovarian health through anaemia\u2010induced hypoxia and metabolic disturbances, establishing a direct link to infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:43:29Z","timestamp":1784655809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blood Protozoan Infection Disrupts Ovarian Follicular Development in Dairy Cattle: A Mechanistic Link to Reproductive Failure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Most. Mousumi","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Sadequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ashraful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mahmudul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakibul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mominul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Sher\u2010e\u2010Bangla Agricultural University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Gausur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Shafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anup Kumar","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Gazipur Agricultural University  Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7356-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Bazlar","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Tick\u2010Borne Pathogens in Cattle From Turkey","volume":"10","author":"Aktas M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick\u2010Borne Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.124594"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105575"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77212-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11071006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.24-28"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Role of Hepcidin in Iron Metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Ganz T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Haematologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1984.593764x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"Hypoxia\u2010Inducible Factor 1\u2010Alpha Expression in Bovine Granulosa Cells","volume":"228","author":"Jansen C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Trace Minerals and Reproduction in Animals","volume":"8","author":"Khillare K. 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