{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:54:49Z","timestamp":1791204889992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical exercise is a physiological stressor in horses and may induce oxidative stress through increased production of reactive oxygen species. Saliva and tear fluid are accessible non\u2010invasive matrices that may reflect oxidative balance, while ocular parameters including intraocular pressure (IOP), tear secretion (TS) and central corneal thickness (CCT) are key components of ocular homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effects of a standardised submaximal exercise session on IOP, TS and CCT, and on oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA, IMA) measured in saliva and tear fluid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010six clinically healthy Arabian horses underwent a 30\u2010min submaximal field exercise (walk\u2013trot\u2013canter). Heart rate, ocular parameters (Schirmer tear test\u20101, rebound tonometry, ultrasonic pachymetry) and saliva and tear fluid samples were collected immediately before and after exercise. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, and paired\u2010samples\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests or Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests were applied as appropriate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Heart rate increased significantly after exercise (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). IOP and CCT did not change significantly, whereas TS decreased modestly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.033). In saliva, CAT and SOD increased and MDA decreased (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), with no changes in GSH or IMA. In tear fluid, CAT, GSH and SOD increased, while IMA and MDA decreased significantly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Submaximal exercise elicited antioxidant\u2010dominant shifts in both saliva and tear fluid, while ocular parameters remained largely stable except for a mild reduction in TS. Tear fluid, alongside saliva, may provide complementary information on exercise\u2010associated physiological and oxidative responses in horses under routine training conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:31:34Z","timestamp":1786555894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Exercise on Ocular Parameters and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Saliva and Tear Fluid of Horses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ferda","family":"Turgut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latif Emrah","family":"Yanmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer Tarik","family":"Orhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Necmettin Erbakan University  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betul","family":"Apaydin Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ataturk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakup","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Yozgat Bozok University  Yozgat Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumin Gokhan","family":"Senocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ataturk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taner","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ataturk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vildan","family":"Aslan Canatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cukurova University  Adana 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