{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:54:51Z","timestamp":1791204891565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPIIT_IA208826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT_IA208826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the main etiological agent of canine pyoderma and exhibits increasing multidrug resistance. Due to the reduced efficacy of antimicrobials, topical combinations of antimicrobial agents\u2014such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and clotrimazole (CLT)\u2014have gained attention as an alternative.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacological interaction of a 2:1 CHX\u2013CLT combination against\n                      <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from canine pyoderma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      were obtained from canine pyoderma and identified by PCR detection of the\n                      <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Methicillin resistance was assessed both phenotypically, by oxacillin disk diffusion, and genotypically, through\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      detection. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for CHX, CLT and their 2:1 combination were determined by broth microdilution using resazurin. The fractional inhibitory concentration index was calculated to assess drug interaction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All isolates carried both\n                      <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, while only 25% were phenotypically resistant to oxacillin. CHX exhibited MIC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      and MIC\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      values of 0.781 and 1.562\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively; CLT showed 6.25 and 12.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. In the 2:1 CHX\u2013CLT combination, MICs were reduced up to 6\u2010fold, with MIC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      and MIC\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      values of 0.39\u20130.781\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL (CHX) and 0.195\u20130.39\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL (CLT). The interaction was additive in 81.25% of isolates and indifferent in the remainder.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CHX\u2013CLT combination demonstrated enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity with predominantly additive interactions against\n                      <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The results support the rational use of CHX\u2013CLT topical formulations as an effective therapeutic alternative for canine pyoderma in the context of growing antimicrobial resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:50:05Z","timestamp":1786463405000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial Effect of the In Vitro Interaction Between Clotrimazole and Chlorhexidine Against\n                    <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/i>\n                    With Known Resistance Patterns Isolated From Canine Pyoderma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5242-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda","family":"Gallegos\u2010Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Alfonseca\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9240-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Ledesma\u2010Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holland Animal Health Jiutepec Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itzcoatl","family":"Aquino\u2010D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM) Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/s0716-10182018000100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042245\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529\u2010016\u20102079\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw559"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"Kalaba V. 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