{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:22Z","timestamp":1791204922993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Domestic ducks are important for meat, egg and livelihood production in Nepal; however, gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) remain a major health constraint affecting productivity and posing zoonotic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and diversity of GIPs in ducks raised on smallholder farms in Kathmandu, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fresh faecal samples (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0130) were collected randomly using non\u2010invasive methods, and copromicroscopy was performed after direct wet\u2010mount and acid\u2010fast staining techniques.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 51 samples (39.2%) tested positive for GIPs. The parasites identified included:\n                      <jats:italic>Ascaridia galli, Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., Strongyle, Taeniid and\n                      <jats:italic>Tyzzeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. A chi\u2010square test (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) revealed that the prevalence of protozoa (33.8%) was significantly higher than that of helminths (14.6%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Older ducks showed a higher prevalence than young and adult ducks. Additionally, mixed infections were more common than single infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings show that single\u2010celled protozoa, including the zoonotic\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., were the primary contributors to higher parasitic infections in ducks than helminths. These findings provide baseline information on duck parasitism and its potential risks to humans. More epidemiological and long\u2010term studies are needed to better understand risk factors, transmission dynamics and the effectiveness of potential parasite control strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:11:35Z","timestamp":1786979495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal Parasites of Domestic Ducks (\n                    <i>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus<\/i>\n                    ) in Kathmandu, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6095-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Tri\u2010Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University, Bagmati Province  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5876-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan Babu","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Biology, Third Pole Conservancy (TPC), Bagmati Province  Bhaktapur Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Alka Health Institute Pvt. 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Bagmati Province  Lalitpur Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS), Bagmati Province Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirth Raj","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Tri\u2010Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University, Bagmati Province  Kathmandu Nepal"},{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2010.5602"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70310"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58395\/pkz5qg48"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/1033918"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.536"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.792"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/adph\/6656046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70164"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8880033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ijz\/2056499"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.616-623"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26480\/bda.02.2021.65.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjz.v47i1.42027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2022.100075"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/19-41"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02944-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00183-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003410"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.1.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007455"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03835-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","unstructured":"Gerhold R. 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