{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:43Z","timestamp":1791204943330,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Goat mastitis is an economically important disease that reduces milk yield and quality while also posing a public health risk due to antimicrobial\u2010resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate mastitis diagnostic techniques, isolate\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , detect methicillin\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) and assess the antibacterial potential of 6\u2010gingerol alone and in combination with antibiotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2000 aseptically collected milk samples were obtained from lactating goats presented at the Civil Veterinary Hospital, Chargano Chowk and the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Samples were screened using the Surf Field Mastitis Test and confirmed by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Positive samples were cultured on selective media, and\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified through Gram staining, catalase and coagulase tests. MRSA detection was performed using PCR amplification of the\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. The antibacterial activity of standard and extracted 6\u2010gingerol, selected antibiotics and enrofloxacin plus 6\u2010gingerol combination therapy was evaluated using inhibition zone diameter and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Surf Field Mastitis Test showed high diagnostic performance with excellent sensitivity, moderate specificity and substantial agreement with the CMT.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibited varying resistance patterns, with confirmed presence of MRSA strains via\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene detection. Among treatments, enrofloxacin demonstrated the highest individual antibacterial activity, while extracted 6\u2010gingerol showed moderate inhibitory effects. The combination of enrofloxacin with 6\u2010gingerol exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, surpassing all single\u2010agent treatments. MIC analysis confirmed a concentration\u2010dependent inhibitory effect of 6\u2010gingerol against\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Correlation analysis showed a strong negative relationship between increasing compound concentration and bacterial growth, while combination therapy significantly enhanced antimicrobial efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that rapid field diagnostics are effective for mastitis screening and suggest that 6\u2010gingerol, particularly in combination with enrofloxacin, may serve as a promising adjunct antimicrobial strategy for controlling resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in goat mastitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:14:37Z","timestamp":1787152477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial Efficacy of 6\u2010Gingerol Alone and in Combination With Enrofloxacin Against Multidrug\u2010Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Isolated From Goats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabana","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1336-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Losacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionic Area (DIMEPRE\u2010J) Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019  Valenzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohail","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamic University of Afghanistan  Kabul Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Alhidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University  Riaydh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1178-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS) University of Milan  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rifat Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0766-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huda A.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology College of Science, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2024.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2024.103112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Review on Goat Mastitis and Associated Bacterial Zoonoses in Raw Milk From Mastitis\u2010Infected Dairy Goat","volume":"1","author":"Aliyi M. 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