{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:39Z","timestamp":1791204939201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. are important protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including reptiles. In snakes, this parasite is primarily associated with chronic gastrointestinal disease and substantial genetic diversity, including potentially zoonotic species. However, epidemiological data remain fragmented and heterogeneous. Therefore, this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in snakes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to 5 May 2026. Additional studies were identified through Google Scholar and reference screening. Eligible studies reporting\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. prevalence in snakes were included. Pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random\u2010effects model. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis, meta\u2010regression and publication bias assessment were also performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 35 studies comprising 36 datasets were included. The pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in snakes was 12.6% (95% CI: 9.2%\u201317.0%), with substantial heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a092.1%). Captive\u2010associated snakes showed higher pooled prevalence (12.7%) than wild\/free\u2010ranging snakes (8.7%). Molecular methods yielded higher prevalence estimates than microscopic techniques. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated stable pooled estimates (11.7%\u201313.6%). Meta\u2010regression showed a significant association between sample size and prevalence, whereas publication year was not significant. Egger's test indicated significant publication bias (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02). Eight\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were identified in snakes, including\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium serpentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium tyzzeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium varanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium muris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium andersoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The most frequently reported species were\n                      <jats:italic>C. serpentis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. tyzzeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. varanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>C. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Several zoonotic species, including\n                      <jats:italic>C. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. tyzzeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. andersoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected mostly in captive\u2010associated snakes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study demonstrates that\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is relatively common in snakes and exhibits considerable genetic diversity. The detection of zoonotic species highlights the potential epidemiological importance of snakes within a One Health context, particularly in captive\u2010associated environments. However, substantial heterogeneity, limited data from wild populations and incomplete molecular characterization warrant cautious interpretation of the findings. Further large\u2010scale molecular epidemiological studies are needed to better clarify the ecology and zoonotic significance of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in snakes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:33:57Z","timestamp":1786556037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Zoonotic Transmission Potential of\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n                    spp. in Snakes: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Khoy University of Medical Sciences  Khoy Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Pouryousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research Center Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kambiz","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Kheiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics Faculty of Dentistry Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1525-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"},{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry School of Dentistry Ilam University of Medical of Sciences  Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farajolah","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Prevalence of Endoparasites in Captive Snakes of Kerala, India","volume":"64","author":"Akhila S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1384-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaf163"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Beck G. 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