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Nutritional strategies, such as probiotics and chelated trace minerals, may help mitigate these adverse effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the effects of multi\u2010strain probiotics and chelated forms of zinc and copper on the performance, gut health and physiological responses of broiler chickens challenged with\n                      <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A completely randomized design with six treatments involving 390 male broiler chickens was used. Treatments included (1) control, (2) control\u00a0+\u00a0challenge with\n                      <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                      , (3) challenge\u00a0+\u00a0selected probiotic strains, (4) challenge\u00a0+\u00a0chelated zinc, (5) challenge\u00a0+\u00a0chelated copper and (6) challenge\u00a0+\u00a0a combination of probiotics, zinc and copper. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, gut histomorphology, ileal pH, microbial populations, blood biochemical parameters and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) impaired growth performance and gut health, as evidenced by reduced body weight gain, poorer feed conversion ratio and alterations in intestinal morphology. Probiotic supplementation significantly improved growth performance, indicated by higher body weight at Days 1\u201310 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.048) and 1\u201321 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.020). It also enhanced intestinal morphology, including increased villus height and villus width (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and modulated gut microbial balance in the ileum by increasing\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      counts (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.004) and decreasing\n                      <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Furthermore, dietary supplementation with probiotics, chelated zinc and chelated copper, individually or in combination, mitigated the adverse effects of infection by improving growth performance, supporting gut integrity and enhancing antioxidant status, as indicated by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Supplementation with probiotics and chelated zinc during necrotic enteritis challenge can serve as an effective nutritional strategy to alleviate the detrimental effects of\n                      <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and improve intestinal health in broiler chickens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:39:51Z","timestamp":1789882791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Multi\u2010Strain Probiotics, Zinc and Copper on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Challenged With\n                    <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0133-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6969-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Kermanshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza Majidzahe","family":"Heravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza Salehi","family":"Jouzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Department Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Javadmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101590"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Improving Blood Protein and Albumin Level Using Dried Probiotic Yogurt in Broiler Chicken","volume":"14","author":"Adriani L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15870.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v46i2.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Review on Application of Probiotics in Poultry Farm","volume":"3","author":"Aliyi M. 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