{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:54:27Z","timestamp":1791204867253,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antivenom\u00a0efficacy\u00a0relies\u00a0on the venom antigen\u00a0composition\u00a0and the\u00a0range\u00a0of antibody cross\u2010reactivity. This\u00a0research\u00a0compared the biochemical profiles of five medically\u00a0relevant\u00a0Iranian vipers,\n                      <jats:italic>Gloydius caucasicus, Pseudocerastes persicus, Montivipera raddei, Echis carinatus, and Macrovipera lebetina<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\u00a0compared\u00a0the cross\u2010reactivity and neutralisation\u00a0efficacy\u00a0of laboratory\u2010prepared monovalent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Venom was characterised using SDS\u2010PAGE and reverse\u2010phase HPLC (RP\u2010HPLC). Monovalent antisera were raised in rabbits against each species, and a separate group was immunised with a mixture of all five venoms to produce a polyvalent antivenom. Indirect ELISA quantified homologous and heterologous binding, and in vivo assays assessed neutralisation efficacy against both homologous and heterologous venoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the five viper species studied,\n                      <jats:italic>G. caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      venom was the most toxic and that of\n                      <jats:italic>P. persicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      the least. Under non\u2010reducing SDS\u2010PAGE, all venoms displayed three main protein bands of approximately 20\u00a0kDa, 50\u00a0kDa and 130\u2013150\u00a0kDa with variable intensities. Following reduction, an intense \u223c15\u00a0kDa band appeared in all the samples. RP\u2010HPLC revealed nearly identical, simple chromatograms for\n                      <jats:italic>E. carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a more diverse profile for\n                      <jats:italic>M. lebetina<\/jats:italic>\n                      , moderate complexity for\n                      <jats:italic>G. caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and a distinct hydrophilic peak for\n                      <jats:italic>P. persicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Monovalent antivenoms showed strongest binding to homologous venoms but variable heterologous cross\u2010reactivity, with\n                      <jats:italic>M. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. persicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibiting the broadest spectra and\n                      <jats:italic>G. caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      the narrowest, while the polyvalent antivenom bound broadly across all species. The antivenoms against\n                      <jats:italic>M. lebetina<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                      neutralised\n                      <jats:italic>P. persicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      venom at 1.17\u00a0mg\/mL and 1.07\u00a0mg\/mL, respectively, while\n                      <jats:italic>P. persicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      antivenom neutralised\n                      <jats:italic>M. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.49\u00a0mg\/mL) and\n                      <jats:italic>E. carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.66\u00a0mg\/mL).\n                      <jats:italic>G. caucasicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      antivenom was only effective against its homologous venom.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrated general patterns among Iranian viper venoms, but variable LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values and protein compositions determine the efficiency of antivenom. Efficient neutralisation was indicated by the polyspecific antivenom in all venoms, outlining its efficacy and viability as a local antivenom control method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:56:08Z","timestamp":1788166568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological Cross\u2010Reactivity and Neutralizing Efficacy of Antivenom Against Five Medically Important Iranian Viper Venoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sedigheh","family":"Khamehchian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Venomous Animals and Antivenom Production Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj 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