{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:54:48Z","timestamp":1791204888480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ensuring animal welfare in extensive sheep production systems remains challenging due to large grazing areas, limited human supervision and the difficulty of detecting early signs of health or behavioural problems. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies have emerged as promising tools to enhance monitoring and welfare assessment in such environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines recent advances in PLF technologies and their potential contribution to improving sheep welfare in extensive farming systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A synthesis of more than 35 peer\u2010reviewed studies was conducted, focusing on the use of wearable sensors, computer vision, artificial intelligence and environmental monitoring technologies for behavioural and physiological assessment in sheep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reviewed literature indicates that wearable devices, including accelerometers and Global Positioning System (GPS) collars, can achieve up to 85% accuracy in detecting lameness and over 97% accuracy in identifying stress\u2010related physiological changes. Integration of remote sensing tools, drones and ground\u2010based sensors also improves monitoring of grazing patterns, social behaviour and environmental conditions. However, adoption remains limited due to economic costs, technical constraints and limited farmer awareness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advances in cost\u2010effective sensors, standardized welfare indicators and participatory technology design may facilitate wider adoption of PLF tools, supporting improved animal welfare, productivity and sustainability in extensive sheep production systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:02:38Z","timestamp":1787817758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision Livestock Farming Technologies for Sheep Welfare in Extensive Systems: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6198-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikram Ben","family":"Souf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Feed Resources LR15AGR01 National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrine","family":"Darej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research on Ecosystems and Aquatic Resources National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Najjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Feed Resources LR15AGR01 National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naceur","family":"M'Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Genetic and Feed Resources LR15AGR01 National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN21464"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1154797"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100429"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txx006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Precision Livestock Farming: An International Review of Scientific and Commercial Aspects","volume":"5","author":"Banhazi T. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2017.0102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2025.2480821"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","unstructured":"Bernu\u00e9s A. J. P.Boutonnet M.Casasus et\u00a0al.2011. \u201cEconomic Social and Environmental Sustainability of Sheep and Goat Production Systems.\u201d InProceedings of the 7th International Seminar of the Sub\u2010Network on Production Systems of the FAO\u2010CIHEAM Inter\u2010Regional Cooperative Research and Development Network on Sheep and Goats; Zaragoza (Spain).Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza of the International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (IAMZ\u2010CIHEAM)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860002604X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10441\u2010011\u20109123\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101779"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029916000261"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223240"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25144515"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4867"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.1046557"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2009.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806\u2010017\u20109704\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.27354"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/j5040030"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751\u20100147\u201050\u2010S1\u2010S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2019.100075"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.660565"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731120001391"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030829"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030416"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104752"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206816"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141744"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190824"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100837"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40317\u2010020\u201000225\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15131383"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2024.101233"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233265"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218603"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of Sensors, Big Data and Machine Learning in Modern Animal Farming","volume":"20","author":"Neethirajan S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111900199X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2020.100143"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14040620"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.10564"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.22014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon J. S.Divvala R.Girshick andA.Farhadi.2016. \u201cYou Only Look Once: Unified Real\u2010Time Object Detection.\u201d InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.IEEE.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2025.103684"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169281"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147720921776"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","first-page":"4759","article-title":"Machine Learning for Automatic Classification of Ruminant Behaviour","volume":"20","author":"Riaboff L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2018.00087"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2016.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2021.100076"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-021-00037-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.639678"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2023.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","unstructured":"SEFARI.2023. \u201cPrecision Livestock Tools to Improve Sheep Welfare.\u201d Online Project Report.SEFARI.https:\/\/sefari.scot\/research\/projects\/precision\u2010livestock\u2010tools\u2010to\u2010improve\u2010sheep\u2010w."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070885"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad281.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Precision Livestock Farming: An Overview of Image and Sound Labelling","volume":"13","author":"Tullo E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Precision Livestock Farming"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13020288"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2025.106776"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313412"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.107687"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2025.110050"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806\u2010018\u20109720\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2017.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105632"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71207","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71207","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:27:46Z","timestamp":1791203266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71207","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71207"}}