{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:54:28Z","timestamp":1791204868076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001642","name":"Glenn Foundation for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grain\u2010free diets have been potentially linked to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in several studies in dogs, although the underlying mechanisms for this potential link, if present, are unclear. Additionally, some studies have found no association between grain\u2010free diets and DCM in dogs. Unfortunately, many of these studies were limited by the validity of owner\u2010reported diet information. Furthermore, the effect of grain\u2010free diets on other cardiac conditions in dogs is even less studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the validity of owner\u2010reported grain\u2010free diet status information, and to model the potential effect of grain\u2010free diet exposures over the first several years of Dog Aging Project data collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The validity of owner\u2010reported grain\u2010free status of the diet was evaluated by comparing owner\u2010reported grain\u2010free diet status to the ingredients. Several regression analyses were performed, accounting for likely confounding factors identified with a directed acyclic graph (DAG), to measure the effect of owner\u2010reported grain\u2010free diet status on all cardiac diagnoses. General linear mixed\u2010effects models and general linear regression models were used with similar results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a large misclassification error in the diets reported to be grain\u2010free. In spite of this, modelling methods anticipate that any bias introduced into an effect estimate would be very small. Several modelling methods failed to find a statistically significant association between grain\u2010free status of the diet and any cardiac diagnosis. When including incident\u2010only cases in a linear model with confounders, the odds ratio for the effect of grain\u2010free diet status on any new cardiac diagnosis was 1.05 (0.91\u20131.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value 0.52), suggesting no effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggested that the potential effect of grain\u2010free feeding on all owner\u2010reported new diagnoses of any cardiac disease within this dataset is likely minimal or absent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:40:35Z","timestamp":1789605635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple Modelling Methods Suggest That Grain\u2010Free Diets Are Not Predictive of New Owner\u2010Reported Cardiac Diagnoses Over Two Years in the Dog Aging Project, Despite Owner Misclassification of Diet"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0724-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3885-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Dog Aging Project Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Katherine","family":"Tolbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5223-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Ruple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Aragon T. J.2020. \u201cEpidemiology Tools [R Package Epitools Version 0.5\u201010.1].\u201d Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). March 22. Accessed September 5 2025.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=epitools."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212924"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03264-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1183301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"Center for Veterinary Medicine. 2020. \u201cFDA Investigating Potential Connection Between Diet and Cases of Canine Heart Disease.\u201d U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed August 25 2025.https:\/\/wayback.archive\u2010it.org\/7993\/20201222194256\/https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal\u2010veterinary\/cvm\u2010updates\/fda\u2010investigating\u2010potential\u2010connection\u2010between\u2010diet\u2010and\u2010cases\u2010canine\u2010heart\u2010disease."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Dog Aging Project. (2023) \u201cDog Aging Project \u2010 2022 Curated Data Open Access Release version 1.1 [Annual follow up survey].\u201d Accessed March 6 2025.https:\/\/github.com\/dogagingproject\/dataRelease\/tree\/master\/Survey_Instruments\/AFUS."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"Dog Aging Project. (2023) \u201cDog Aging Project \u2010 2022 Curated Data Open Access Release version 1.1 [End of life survey].\u201d Accessed August 25 2025.https:\/\/github.com\/dogagingproject\/dataRelease\/blob\/master\/Survey_Instruments\/EOLS\/DAP_EOLS.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"Dog Aging Project. (2023) \u201cDog Aging Project \u2010 2022 Curated Data Open Access Release version 1.1 [Health and life experiences survey].\u201d Accessed March 6 2025.https:\/\/github.com\/dogagingproject\/dataRelease\/tree\/master\/Survey_Instruments\/HLES."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa141"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16397"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.11.1390"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15972"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.667318"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16416"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1271202"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233206"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16606"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","unstructured":"Plantz B.2017. \u201cGrain\u2010Free Dry Dog Cat Food No Longer a Niche Market.\u201dPetfoodIndustry August4.https:\/\/www.petfoodindustry.com\/news\u2010newsletters\/pet\u2010food\u2010news\/article\/15464107\/grain\u2010free\u2010dry\u2010dog\u2010cat\u2010food\u2010no\u2010longer\u2010a\u2010niche\u2010market."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.846227"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285381"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.654223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"Rausch W.2024.Updates on what we now know about dietary\u2010associated dilated cardiomyopathy. 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