{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:55:13Z","timestamp":1791204913311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Water hyacinth poses significant environmental challenge in many countries. As part of the effort of reducing its negative effect, there is a great interest to use it as animal feed. However, reports of its safe inclusion level are not consistent. Since the heavy metal content of water hyacinth differed with the water quality it grows in, the safe inclusion level recommendation based on single research results can't be reliable to use widely. This study made a review of the heavy metal content of water hyacinth published to 2025 and presented widely applicable safe inclusion level of water hyacinth to ruminant, poultry, and swine based on the 95th percentile value of the heavy metals content report and the maximum tolerable limit of heavy metals reported by NRC (2005). Therefore, based on these values, water hyacinth leaf can be included in ruminants\u2019, poultry and swine rations up to 13.5%, 9.19% and 18.4%, respectively, without posing a problem on animals due to the heavy metal intake. Water hyacinth shoot can be included in cattle, sheep and poultry ration up to 17.3%. For swine, it can be included up to 24.4%. The whole plant water hyacinth can safely be used in ruminants and nonruminants\u2019 rations up to 6.23% and 6.15%, respectively. These recommendations are safe for 95% of the areas where heavy metal content of water hyacinth reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:05:11Z","timestamp":1789092311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heavy Metal Content of Water Hyacinth (\n                    <i>Pontederia<\/i>\n                    (\n                    <i>Eichhornia<\/i>\n                    )\n                    <i>crassipes<\/i>\n                    ) and Its Safe Inclusion Levels in Ruminant, Poultry, and Swine Diets: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getachew","family":"Assefa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of Gondar  Gondar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habtamu","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of Gondar  Gondar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"SAS institute Inc. n.d. \u201cSAS OnDemand for Academics (Online Software).\u201dSAS institute Inc.https:\/\/www.sas.com\/en_us\/software\/on\u2010demand\u2010for\u2010academics.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation.2019. \u201cMicrosoft Excel (Computer Software).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en\u2010us."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"FAO. n.d. \u201cUse of Aquatic Plants (Water Hyacinth) in Animals Feeding.\u201d Accessed: 21 April 2026 https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/X6862E\/X6862E08.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officals.2023. \u201cOfficial Guidelines for Contaminant Levels Permitted in Mineral Feed Ingredients.\u201d Revised 27 June 2023. Accessed 20 March 2026 https:\/\/www.aafco.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/14b.FFIM_Revisions_Official_Guidelines_for_Contaminant_Levels_Permitted_in_Mineral_Feed_Ingredients_from_2023_OP_BOOK_revised_June_27_2023_ed.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Mineral Tolerance of Animals","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36103\/ijas.v54i6.1849"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Abdel\u2010Sabour M. A.Abdel\u2010Haleem andE.Zohny.1996. \u201cChemical Composition of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) a Comparison Indication of Heavy Metal Pollution in Egyptian Water Bodies I) Major and Trace Element Levels.\u201dPaper Presented at the Sixth Conference on Nuclear Sciences and Applications. International Atomic Energy Agency.https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/records\/gz9c6\u201051n48."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-026-01403-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3241277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09064702.2025.2544263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2026.1703625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36468\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-026-02494-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0988-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"The Use of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for Improving Metabolizable Energy Intake, Nutrient Digestibility and Economic Return of Local Yellow Cattle","volume":"116","author":"Dong N. T. K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Inclusion of Water Hyacinth Meal in Broiler Chicken Diets: Potential on the Production Performance and Cell\u2010Mediated Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Dumaup H. J. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Biosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09236-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"In Situ Nutrient Degradability of Banana (Musa sapientum) Pseudostem and Water Hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)] In Dairy Cattle","volume":"45","author":"Abes E. E. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1286563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32734\/ijoep.v2i1.3985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12442-7"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Nutritional Evaluation and Cost Analysis of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a Replacement of Fish Meal in the Diets of Gif Tilapia","volume":"58","author":"Geoffery G. R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13057\/asianjagric\/g090107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"Jimmy J. D. I.Widiputri andP.Gunawan.2018. \u201cStudy of the Pharmacological Activity and Heavy Metal Content ofEichhornia crassipesExtract.\u201dPaper Presented at the International Conference on Innovation Entrepreneurship and Technology.BSD City Indonesia.https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/download\/73319709\/22.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-8164.2019.00059.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Heavy Metal Phytoremediation by Water Hyacinth at Constructed Wetlands in Taiwan","volume":"54","author":"Liao S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499\u2010025\u201001990\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) From Lake Victoria and Assessment of Its Potential as a Feedstock for Biogas Production","author":"Matindi C. N.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24297\/jaa.v10i0.8308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","unstructured":"Mohamed W. S.Ibrahim andM. A.Salah.2008. \u201cEffect of Water Hyacinth and Chlorella on Water Polluted by Heavy Metal and the Biochemical and Pathophysiological Response of Exposed Fish.\u201dPaper Presented at the 8th International symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture October 1214 Cairo Egypt.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Salah\u2010Aly\/publication\/279975593."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulu T. B.Chala Y.Kassa et\u00a0al.2025. \u201cHarnessing Water Hyacinth for Biogas and Bioslurry Generation: Experimental Insights on Biomass Characterization and Crop Yield Enhancement.\u201dScientific African African28:e02730.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02730.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"Modelling of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation of Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms and Pistia stratiotes L. in Ologe lagoon","author":"Ndimele C. C.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/rjes.2011.424.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Heavy Metal Concentrations in Chrysichthys Nigrodigitatus (Lacepede, 1803) and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) From Ologe Lagoon and Its Tributaries in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Ndimele P. E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Research and Review in Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Heavy Metal Status of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in the Warri River","volume":"4","author":"Okonkwo E. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nigeria FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Presence of Heavy Metal in Water (Yamuna River), Soil and Vegetables in Delhi, and to Examine the Effect of Phyto\u2010Accumulating Capacity of Eichhornia crassipes","volume":"21","author":"Purty R. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on the Potential of Water Hyacinth to Enhance Ruminant Performance","volume":"16","author":"Ralinala K. 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A.2015. \u201cValorization of Water Hyacinth as a Renewable Source of Animal Feed and Biogas: A Business Case for Lake Victoria Kenya.\u201dMSc. Thesis Delft University of Technology The Netherlands.https:\/\/repository.tudelft.nl\/file\/File_364acf5a\u201085a2\u201042f2\u2010bef6\u20105af5500463e6."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crcon.2024.100240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11598\/btb.2018.25.2.840"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"In Vitro Gas Production, Proximate Composition, Heavy Metal Composition and Phytochemical Profile of Kelp (Laminaria pallida) and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)","volume":"50","author":"Yusuf A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Animal Production"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/ats\u20102021\u20100024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04609.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71228","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71228","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:26:17Z","timestamp":1791203177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71228","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71228"}}