{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:55:25Z","timestamp":1791903325506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Veterinary education is characterized by intensive curricula and demanding practical training, which may constrain students\u2019 ability to maintain health\u2010promoting routines and sustainable lifestyle behaviors. In such contexts, general self\u2010efficacy\u2014a psychological resource related to persistence and coping\u2014may be associated with both lifestyle patterns and overall life satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the associations among general self\u2010efficacy, healthy and sustainable lifestyle behaviors, and life satisfaction in veterinary students; evaluated whether lifestyle statistically accounted for part of the self\u2010efficacy\u2013life satisfaction association; and adjusted for self\u2010reported physical activity participation status derived from a single preference item.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional sample of 554 veterinary students (378 females, 176 males) was recruited using non\u2010probability convenience sampling. Participants completed the General Self\u2010Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS), and the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). Multiple regression and a nonparametric bootstrap indirect\u2010effect analysis (5,000 resamples) were performed with class level entered categorically; a numeric class\u2010level sensitivity analysis was also conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher self\u2010efficacy was associated with a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle, and both self\u2010efficacy and lifestyle were independently associated with life satisfaction. In the primary model using categorical class\u2010level coding, the indirect estimate through HSLS was 0.0765 (95% CI [0.0479, 0.1082]), representing 29.2% of the total association. A sensitivity analysis using numeric class\u2010level coding produced a similar indirect estimate (0.0778, 95% CI [0.0495, 0.1092]). Students who selected the no\u2010participation option on the physical activity preference item reported lower GSES, HSLS, and LSS scores than those who selected an activity option.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings identify a cross\u2010sectional pattern of association among self\u2010efficacy, lifestyle, and life satisfaction but do not establish temporal or causal relationships. Veterinary faculties may consider developing and formally evaluating student\u2010support initiatives that strengthen efficacy beliefs, facilitate healthy and sustainable routines, and provide accessible opportunities for recreational activity. Longitudinal and intervention studies using validated physical activity measures are needed before causal or program\u2010effectiveness conclusions are drawn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:43:56Z","timestamp":1791902636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self\u2010Efficacy, Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle, and Life Satisfaction: An Integrated Model Accounting for Self\u2010Reported Recreational Physical Activity Participation Status in Veterinary Students"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8027-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevim","family":"G\u00fcll\u00fc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpasa  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5463-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alp Emre","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpasa  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9125-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Center of Veterinary Medicine UJ\u2010UR  Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7168-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan H\u00fcseyin","family":"Ar\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kyrgyzstan\u2013Turkey Manas University  Bishkek Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozan","family":"G\u00fcndemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University\u2010Cerrahpasa  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v16n7p91"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2019.10.4.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/135910709X461752"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38021\/asbid.1374496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2016.1229863"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.9.1175","article-title":"Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory","volume":"44","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Self\u2010Efficacy. 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