{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:57:19Z","timestamp":1790668639331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine & Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n infections of the genitourinary tract are a major cause of renal and reproductive dysfunction in males, often impairing spermatogenesis and fertility. Probiotics and postbiotics have emerged as microbiota\u2011based interventions with strain\u2011specific immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n This experimental study evaluated the effects of a probiotic or postbiotic supplementation containing\n Lactobacillus helveticus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic>\n on renal and testicular tissues, as well as sperm parameters, in male Wistar rats infected with\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty\u2010eight male Wistar rats (200\u2013220\u00a0g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control,\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n \u2013infected,\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n + probiotic (10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL), and\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n + postbiotic (10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n CFU\/mL). Probiotic or postbiotic supplementation was administered orally (gavage) once daily for 35 consecutive days, starting immediately after the final day of bacterial challenge. Biochemical markers (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium), histological changes, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), gene expression (IL\u20116, TNF\u2011\u03b1, Bax, Bcl\u20112), and sperm quality were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using one\u2011way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n infection significantly impaired renal and testicular histology, elevated pro\u2011inflammatory and pro\u2011apoptotic gene expression, reduced TAC, and deteriorated sperm parameters. Probiotic and postbiotic supplementation mitigated these effects, restoring antioxidant capacity, enhancing Bcl\u20112 expression, reducing IL\u20116 and TNF\u2011\u03b1 levels, and improving sperm viability and morphology. Histological evaluation confirmed partial recovery of kidney and testicular structures in treated groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Multi\u2011strain probiotic\u2013postbiotic mixtures confer protective effects against infection\u2011induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in renal and testicular tissues, while improving sperm quality. These findings highlight their translational potential as adjunctive therapies for infection\u2011associated male infertility and renal impairment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:32:09Z","timestamp":1790667129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effects of\n Lactobacillus<\/i>\n \u2010Derived Probiotics and Postbiotics on Renal and Reproductive Function in\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n \u2013Infected Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8477-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Sedghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology CT.C Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9759-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Keshtmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology CT.C Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5116-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology CT.C Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.33699\/PIS.2019.98.4.145-151","article-title":"The Role of New Antibiotics in Intra\u2010Abdominal Infections in the Era of Multi\u2010Resistant Bacteria","volume":"98","author":"Adamkova V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rozhledy v Chirurgii"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2025.1489339","article-title":"Postbiotics and Their Biotherapeutic Potential for Chronic Disease and Their Feature Perspective: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Asefa Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiomes"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.62310\/liab.v1i1.53","article-title":"Probiotics: Role in Immunomodulation and Consequent Effects","volume":"1","author":"Begum J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Letters in Animal Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111282","article-title":"Mixture of Probiotics Reduces Inflammatory Biomarkers and Improves the Oxidative\/Nitrosative Profile in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"89","author":"Cannarella L. 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