{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:57:00Z","timestamp":1790841420782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While canola seed is a valuable protein and energy source in poultry nutrition, its use is often limited by antinutritional factors that impair nutrient utilisation and bird performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effects of phytase and protease enzymes in diets containing canola seed on performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, ileal microbial populations, intestinal viscosity and tibia bone mineralisation in broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 300 male Ross 308 one\u2010day\u2010old chicks were used in a completely randomised design with 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 12 chicks per replicate. The experimental treatments included: control: a corn\u2013soybean meal\u2010based control diet without canola seed; CS\u201010: a diet containing 10% canola seed; CS\u2010PRO: a diet containing 10% canola seed supplemented with protease; CS\u2010PHY: a diet containing 10% canola seed supplemented with phytase and CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY: a diet containing 10% canola seed supplemented with a combination of protease and phytase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Feed intake and body weight gain were significantly higher in the control and CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY treatments at different experimental periods compared to the CS\u201010 diet (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Apparent metabolisable energy and the digestibility of crude fibre and ash were higher in the control group and in broilers fed CS\u2010PHY and CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY compared with birds fed the CS\u201010 and CS\u2010PRO diets (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). At Day 10, amylase and lipase activity were highest in broilers fed the CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001). The villus height and villus height\u2010to\u2010crypt depth ratio on Days 10 and 42 were significantly higher in broilers fed the control diet, the CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY and CS\u2010PHY compared to the CS\u201010 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). At Day 10,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations were highest in broilers fed the CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY and the control diet, and lowest in the CS\u201010 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03). Duodenal and jejunal digesta viscosity was significantly higher in broilers fed the CS\u201010 diet compared with all other treatments (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Tibia weight, length and weight\u2010to\u2010length index of the bone in the CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY treatment were significantly greater than those in the CS\u201010 and CS\u2010PRO treatments (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Moreover, bone strength in the control, CS\u2010PRO\u2010PHY and CS\u2010PHY treatments was higher than in the CS\u201010 treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.034).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementation of broiler diets containing 10% canola seed with protease and phytase, particularly in combination, effectively mitigated the negative effects of canola on nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, microbial balance, digesta viscosity and bone quality, leading to restoration of performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:10:05Z","timestamp":1790838605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protease and Phytase Alleviate Digestive Limitations of Canola Seed in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ramazan","family":"Sheikh\u2010Nazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science QaS.C., Islamic Azad University  Qaemshahr Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0970-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaveh","family":"Jafari\u2010Khorshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science QaS.C., Islamic Azad University  Qaemshahr Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science QaS.C., Islamic Azad University  Qaemshahr Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-4000-0","article-title":"Low Digestibility of Phytate Phosphorus, Their Impacts on the Environment, and Phytase Opportunity in the Poultry Industry","volume":"26","author":"Abbasi F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2014.3032","article-title":"Extrusion Enhances Metabolizable Energy and Ileal Amino Acids Digestibility of Canola Meal for Broiler Chickens","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Animal Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04481-w","article-title":"Effects of Enzyme Supplementation and Fermentation in Canola\u2010Based Diets on Growth Performance, Intestinal Viscosity and Histomorphology in Broiler Chickens During the Finisher Phase","volume":"57","author":"Akram W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"issue":"01","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2024-1981","article-title":"Evaluation of Exogenous Proteases in Broiler Diets","volume":"27","author":"Almeida B. 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