{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:55:07Z","timestamp":1791903307773,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009168","name":"Nepal Academy of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Parasite infections threaten both domesticated and wildlife populations. Shared resources between wildlife and domesticated ruminants increase the risk of cross\u2010transmission, underscoring the need for infection research. This study aimed to determine the composition, prevalence, and habitat\u2010dependent patterns of gastrointestinal parasites in endangered Himalayan musk deer (\n Moschus leucogaster<\/jats:italic>\n ) and sympatric livestock (chauri and horses) in Lapchi Valley of Gaurishankar Conservation Area.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n \n Using a cross\u2010sectional, comparative, systematic, and grazing regime\u2010based study\u00a0design along belt transects, a total of 97 fecal samples of Himalayan musk deer (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 67) and livestock (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 30) were collected from livestock\u2010influenced habitat and natural habitat. A prior sample size calculation was not performed; instead, all accessible musk deer latrines and available livestock encountered during the survey period were sampled. Parasite taxa were identified based on morphological characteristics.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The analysis revealed an overall prevalence of 94.8%. Twelve parasites were identified, including two protozoans (\n Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n sp. and\n Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n sp.), eight nematodes (ascarid eggs,\n Bunostomum<\/jats:italic>\n sp.,\n Capillaria<\/jats:italic>\n sp.,\n Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic>\n sp.,\n Muellerius capillaris<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Oxyuris<\/jats:italic>\n sp., Strongylida larvae, and\n Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic>\n sp.), one cestode (\n Moniezia<\/jats:italic>\n sp.), and one trematode (\n Paramphistomum<\/jats:italic>\n sp.). Among musk deer samples (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 67), 92.5% were positive, with nematodes being most prevalent. Six parasite species were common to both livestock and musk deer, indicating potential cross\u2010transmission.\n Muellerius capillaris<\/jats:italic>\n was most prevalent in musk deer (85.1%), while Strongylida larvae were most prevalent in livestock (56.7%). Higher prevalence in musk deer was observed in livestock\u2010influenced areas than in natural habitats.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Although parasite compositions showed distinct clustering by host, the presence of six shared species underscores the risk of spillover. These findings accentuate the need for integrated parasite management strategies that minimise livestock\u2010wildlife contact as a critical component of conservation planning in protected areas.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:41:53Z","timestamp":1791902513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal Parasites in Himalayan Musk Deer (\n Moschus leucogaster<\/i>\n Hodgson, 1839) and Sympatric Livestock in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3102-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabin","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Environment Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4303-0520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayan Prasad","family":"Koju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Postgraduate Studies, Nepal Engineering College Pokhara University Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3168-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakriti","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4469-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahendra","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashila","family":"Deshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3126\/jist.v21i1.16053","article-title":"Gastro Intestinal Parasites of Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster Hodgson, 1839) in Langtang National Park, Nepal","volume":"21","author":"Achhami B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Institute of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815256628124010006","volume-title":"Parasitic Diseases of Goats","author":"Agrawal V.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Spatial Habitat Overlap and Habitat Preference of Himalayan Musk Deer (\u201cMoschus Chrysogaster\u201d) in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Aryal A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"The Conservation and Potential Habitat of the Himalayan Musk Deer, Moschus Chrysogaster, in the Protected Areas of Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Aryal A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Conservation Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05087-5","article-title":"Metabarcoding in Two Isolated Populations of Wild Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Reveals Variation in Gastrointestinal Nematode Community Composition Between Regions and among Age Classes","volume":"14","author":"Beaumelle C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252307001132","article-title":"Ovine Helminthosis, a Major Health Constraint to Productivity of Sheep in Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Biffa D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Animal Health Research Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344552.ch6","volume-title":"Flynn's Parasites of Laboratory Animals","author":"Byford R. 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