{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:48:50Z","timestamp":1792064930064,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In the pursuit of sustainable aquaculture, the integration of unconventional plant\u2010based feed additives like papaya leaf meal (PLM) offers a promising approach for enhancing fish growth while reducing feed costs and environmental impact. To evaluate the efficacy of PLM as a growth promoter, four experimental diets were formulated by gradually incorporating PLM at inclusion levels of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9%. Nile tilapia fingerlings were cultured over a 60\u2010day period within a recirculating aquaculture system comprising 12 tanks, with three replicates assigned to each treatment group. Fish were fed twice daily at a rate corresponding to 3% of their body weight. The diet with the highest inclusion of PLM (9%) resulted in significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) improved mean weight gain (11.44\u00a0g), per cent weight gain (82.67%), specific growth rate (SGR) (1.06%\/day), feed conversion ratio (2.23), feed conversion efficiency (0.44), protein efficiency ratio (1.28) and overall fish yield (2.04\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/60 days) when compared to the control, 3% and 6% PLM\u2010based diet. Furthermore, the length\u2013weight relationship in all dietary treatments indicated a positive allometric growth pattern in Nile tilapia fingerlings. A notable improvement in haematological parameters, red blood cells (3.10\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.95\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), white blood cells (132.98\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.26\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and haemoglobin (12.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.68\u00a0g\/dL) was observed in treatment having 9% PLM with statistically significant differences among the treatments (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Therefore, these findings indicate that PLM inclusion up to 9% in diet is non\u2010toxic and positively impacts growth performance, making it a viable growth enhancer in tilapia fingerling diets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:57:38Z","timestamp":1792061858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Dietary Papaya (\n                    <i>Carica papaya<\/i>\n                    ) Leaf Meal on Growth Performance and Haematological Responses of Nile Tilapia (\n                    <i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>\n                    ) Fingerlings Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5680-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhabun Binte","family":"Farhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3459-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzana Yasmin","family":"Ritu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2041-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moupia","family":"Mustafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Abdus","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5672-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaharior","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813280-7.00009-8","volume-title":"Enzymes in Food Biotechnology","author":"Agyei D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126604"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Carica papaya","volume":"1","author":"Aravind G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/agrosh.v13i1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizah L. S. andA. H.Fasya.2019. \u201cEffectiveness of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papayaL.) to Control EctoparasiteArguluson Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).\u201d InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.IOP Publishing.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/236\/1\/012106.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/236\/1\/012106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.1973.tb04510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.699"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008942318272","article-title":"Reproductive Physiology of Female Tilapia Broodstock","volume":"10","author":"Coward K.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of Bangladesh, 2022\u20132023","author":"DoF","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Recirculating Aquaculture","author":"Ebeling J. 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