{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:55:59Z","timestamp":1792173359069,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Poultry viral infections remain a persistent challenge for the poultry industry, causing significant economic losses and posing potential threats to human health. The escalating frequency of outbreaks involving pathogens, such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), underscores the urgent need for effective interventions. Probiotics have gained attention as a promising strategy to combat these viral infections due to their potential in enhancing immune responses and establishing a healthy gut microbiome. A literature search was carried out on Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed using key search terms, such as \u2018probiotics\u2019, \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019, \u2018acidophilus\u2019, \u2018poultry\u2019, \u2018viral infections\u2019, \u2018Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)\u2019 and other relevant terms. Inclusion criteria for manuscripts used were based on the relevance to probiotic\u2010based interventions in poultry, the focus on immunological mechanisms and the examination of viral pathogens commonly found in West African poultry farming systems. This review explores the role of probiotics in mitigating the effects of NDV, AIV and IBV in poultry, focusing on their immunomodulatory effects and antiviral mechanisms.\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    have shown an interesting promise in countering NDV infections by modulating immunological parameters and enhancing antibody responses. Similarly, these probiotics have exhibited antiviral activity against AIV, promoting immune activation and reducing viral loads. Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    have emerged as potential adjuvants for IBV vaccines, improving antibody responses and humoural immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:31:54Z","timestamp":1792171914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotics as a Strategy for Mitigating Viral Infections in Poultry: Immunomodulatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1152-8153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmer Nayra","family":"Ametefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana, Legon  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9460-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Saka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana, Legon  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1853-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliet Nuerkie","family":"Anang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana, Legon  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8168-4111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourraine Sena","family":"Doh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard Kofi","family":"Adjorlolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock and Poultry Research Centre School of Agricultural Sciences University of Ghana, Legon  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v84i1.1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1144924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/796148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.1727\u20101740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4949580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1614794"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"The Impact of Avian Flu on Livelihood Outcomes in Africa: Evidence From Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria","volume":"08","author":"Birol E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/18069061\u20102015\u20100132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043\u2010025\u201000913\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Influence of Sex and Management System on Seroprevalence of Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Indigenous Chicken in Ashanti Region, Ghana","volume":"23","author":"Cobbinah A. A. K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"African Journal of Biomedical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2022.2040731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v15i2.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.730159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: Volume 2: Applied Virology Approaches Related to Human, Animal and Environmental Pathogens","author":"Ennaji Y.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Virology of Domestic and Pet Animals","author":"Gao H.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007\u201000418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100396.2011.01155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13030411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Gheisari A. A. andB.Kholeghipour.2006.Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Live Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on Growth performance Immune responses and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens. In XII European Poultry Conference Verona Italia World's Poultry Science Association.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/20093210426."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.596166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2019\u2010033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567\u2010022\u201001118\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2025.1562527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Ji J. andS.Chang\u2010seon.2022.Vaccine composition comprising Lactobacillus plantarum and New castle disease virus. Korean Intellectual Property Office patent KR102348854B1."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1413\u20108670(12)70293\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JOBAZ.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567\u2010020\u201000788\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2026.100153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03990\u201023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1536778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602\u2010017\u20109369\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51585\/gjm.2024.3.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfy063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.633072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13070633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104\u2010025\u201001225\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20051629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2023.2241709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/mrji\/2025\/v35i41560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102\u201009352009000100002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2026.2657868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aro2.70046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660601050755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v15i2.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.8.1319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2155072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RVSC.2017.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VETMIC.2018.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933914000051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259\u2010010\u20109444\u20108"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14893","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation Containing Bacillus velezensis Enhances Expression of Immune Regulatory Genes Against Pigeon Circovirus in Pigeons (Columba livia)","volume":"130","author":"Tsai C.\u2010Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10120599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010020\u20102264\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1195382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477\u20109552.2007.00099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040864"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2025032"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71298","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71298","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:31:58Z","timestamp":1792171918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71298","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71298"}}