{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:38:15Z","timestamp":1792589895242,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deltamethrin (DLM), a synthetic pyrethroid, and endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, frequently co\u2010occur in agricultural environments, yet their combined effects on hepatic function and behaviour in non\u2010target avian species remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined the toxic effects of combined DLM and endosulfan exposure on hepatic markers, lipid profile and neurobehaviour in Japanese quail (\n                      <jats:italic>Coturnix japonica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve adult quails were divided into three groups receiving: (1) control, (2) low\u2010dose (0.1\u00a0mg\/kg DLM + 0.15\u00a0mg\/kg endosulfan) or (3) high\u2010dose (0.4\u00a0mg\/kg DLM + 0.5\u00a0mg\/kg endosulfan) via daily oral gavage for 3 weeks. Body and organ weights, serum hepatic and lipid biomarkers and behavioural parameters were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The high\u2010dose group showed a significant reduction in body weight compared with controls, while liver weight remained stable and kidney weights decreased in a dose\u2010dependent manner. AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) were substantially increased in treated groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), indicating hepatocellular damage. Lipid profiles showed significant elevations in LDL, VLDL and cholesterol (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Behavioural assessments demonstrated dose\u2010dependent effects, including increased agonistic behaviour, reduced locomotor activity and dose\u2010dependent onset of mucoid faeces (first recorded in Week 1 in the high\u2010dose group and Week 2 in the low\u2010dose group, with none observed in controls); foraging behaviour declined sharply in high\u2010dose birds by Week 3.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined pesticide exposure induces measurable hepatotoxicity, metabolic disruption and neurobehavioural abnormalities in quail at the tested doses. These effects are consistent with DLM\u2010mediated activation of Na+ channels and endosulfan\u2010induced blockade of GABA_A receptors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:39:18Z","timestamp":1792586358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Deltamethrin and Endosulfan on the Hepatic Markers and Neurobehavioural Alterations in Japanese Quail (\n                    <i>Coturnix japonica<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8796-1706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Wildlife &amp; Fisheries University of Agriculture  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5351-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoaib","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological &amp; Chemical Sciences University of Rasul Mandi Bahauddin Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Resources and Food Engineering Qujing Normal University Qujing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqra","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Wildlife &amp; Fisheries University of Agriculture  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sakandar","family":"Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Wildlife &amp; Fisheries University of Agriculture  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4448-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiza","family":"Sadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS) School of Life Sciences Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5763-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheeba","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS) School of Life Sciences Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7752-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abu Bakkar","family":"Siddik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development Studies Daffodil International University  Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of the Environment Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2018.153790","article-title":"Impacts of Processing Heat Treatments on Deltamethrin and Bifenthrin Residues in Human Breast Milk and Raw Milk From Different Animals","volume":"32","author":"Abd Al\u2010Zahra S. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201007854\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690\u2010021\u201000598\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933917000782"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-0848.2017.00014.8","article-title":"Endosulfan Toxicity: A Retrospective Study and Review","volume":"39","author":"Alam F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2319\u20102003.ijbcp20184211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition","author":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","volume-title":"Pesticides\u2014The Impacts of Pesticides Exposure","author":"Azmi M. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154212"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"10031","article-title":"Protective Effect of N\u2010acetyl\u2010L\u2010cysteine (NAC) on Endosulfan\u2010Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Rats","volume":"10","author":"Beceren A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Hazardous Chemicals","author":"Bhanot K."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International.2018. \u201cCoturnix coturnix.\u201d In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018:E.T22678944A131904485. Accessed on July 4 2025.https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.20182.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110147"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2003.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108309"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"474","article-title":"Endosulfan Poisoning in Northern India: A Report of 18 Cases","volume":"36","author":"Chugh S. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(78)90095-6","article-title":"Concentration Levels of Endosulfan in Biological Material (Report of Three Cases)","volume":"11","author":"Coutselinis A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Forensic Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9526"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139181"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112382"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99427-9.00005-7","volume-title":"Pesticides in a Changing Environment","author":"Dhiman S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010017\u20109218\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95235-4.00029-3","volume-title":"Hazardous Chemicals","author":"Gautam H.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249\u20104863.94460"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010024\u201001975\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/jchr.2018.544124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813088-9.00004-5","volume-title":"Spontaneous Pathology of the Laboratory Non\u2010Human Primate","author":"Harvey W.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334635"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Toxicopathological Effects of Endosulfan in Female Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)","volume":"7","author":"Hussain T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advancements in Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114\u2010017\u20101526\u20109"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"1924","article-title":"Toxico\u2010Pathological and Reproductive Effects of Concurrent Oral Administration of Ochratoxin A and Endosulfan in Pregnant Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"37","author":"Jan R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2011.07.011"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Characteristics of Endosulfan Poisoning: A Study of 23 Cases","volume":"47","author":"Karatas A. D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117947"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D21\u2010028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22091"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117319"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113751"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i34.10418"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1079580"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1823303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110855"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","first-page":"002","article-title":"Histomorphological Developmental Studies of the Left Ovary in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"1","author":"Mohamed G. K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"MJ Cyto"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.04.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70424"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"Unintentional Toxicity due to Endosulfan: A Case Report of Two Patients and Characteristics of Endosulfan Toxicity","volume":"45","author":"Oktay C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary and Human Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010022\u201022580\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v40i2.4437"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124657"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjas.v46i2.34439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233716684710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233716684710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114229"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3896"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.75871"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u2010024\u201002043\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818038-9.00015-6","volume-title":"Nanotechnology for Oral Drug Delivery","author":"Shrestha N.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003787\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2006.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270\u2010017\u20103357\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2024.100801"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1318","article-title":"Adipogenic Effects and Gene Expression Profiling of Firemaster 550 Components in Human Primary Preadipocytes","volume":"125","author":"Tung E. W. Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010019\u20100686\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b03177"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116630"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71299","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71299","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:39:23Z","timestamp":1792586363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71299","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71299"}}