{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:08:00Z","timestamp":1783742880455,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine & Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Newcastle disease (ND) is an economically important viral disease affecting the poultry industry. In Kerala, a state in South India, incidences of ND in commercial and backyard poultry have been reported. But a systematic statewide study on the prevalence of the disease has not been carried out.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n A cross\u2010sectional survey was performed to detect the presence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in suspect cases and among apparently healthy commercial flocks and backyard poultry, in the state and to identify risk factors for NDV infection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010PCR (RT\u2010PCR) was used to detect the M gene of NDV in choanal swabs and tissue samples collected from live and dead birds, respectively and the results were statistically analysed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The predominant clinical signs of the examined birds included mild respiratory signs, huddling together and greenish diarrhoea. Nervous signs in the form of torticollis were noticed in birds in some of the affected flocks. On necropsy, many birds had haemorrhages in the proventriculus and caecal tonsils which were suggestive of ND. Of the 2079 samples tested, 167 (8.0%) were positive for the NDV M\u2010gene by RT\u2010PCR. Among 893 samples collected from diseased flocks, 129 (14.5%), were positive for M gene with pairwise relative risk (RR) of 15.6 as compared to apparently healthy flocks where 6 out of 650 (0.9%) samples were positive. All positive samples were from poultry; none of the ducks, pigeons, turkey and wild birds were positive. Commercial broilers were at higher risk of infection than commercial layers (RR: 4.5) and backyard poultry (RR: 4.9). Similarly, birds reared under intensive housing conditions were at a higher risk of being infected as compared to those reared under semi\u2010intensive (RR: 6.7) or backyard housing (RR: 2.1). Multivariable analysis indicated that significantly higher risk of infection exists during migratory season and during ND outbreaks occurring nearby. Further, lower risk was observed with flock vaccination and backyard or semi\u2010intensive housing when compared to intensive housing. When the M gene positive samples were tested by RT\u2010PCR to determine whether the detected NDV were mesogenic\/velogenic, 7 (4.2%) were positive.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n In Kerala, NDV is endemic in poultry with birds reared commercially under intensive rearing systems being affected the most. The outcome of this study also provides a link between epidemiologic knowledge and the development of successful disease control measures. Statistical analysis suggests that wild bird migration season and presence of migratory birds influences the prevalence of the virus in the State. Further studies are needed to genotype and sub\u2010genotype the detected viruses and to generate baseline data on the prevalence of NDV strains, design better detection strategies, and determine patterns of NDV transmission across domestic poultry and wild bird populations in Kerala.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T05:45:30Z","timestamp":1645681530000},"page":"1146-1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Detection of Newcastle disease virus and assessment of associated relative risk in backyard and commercial poultry in Kerala, India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chintu","family":"Ravishankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Pookode Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajasekhar","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Pookode Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneth Alice","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Pookode Kerala 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