{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:16:59Z","timestamp":1764260219092,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of combinations of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenergic agonists and opioids has been published as providing superior sedation than either drug alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aims to compare the sedative and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) administration of medetomidine alone and in combination with methadone, morphine, tramadol, and pethidine in goats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten healthy goats aged 12 \u00b1 3 months and weight of 22 \u00b1 4\u00a0kg were used in an experimental, crossover (Latin square), randomized, and blinded study. The animals were assigned to five IV treatments with a minimum washout period of 8 days between treatments: medetomidine (20\u00a0\u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), medetomidine\/methadone (0.5\u00a0mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), medetomidine\/morphine (0.5\u00a0mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), medetomidine\/tramadol (5\u00a0mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and medetomidine\/pethidine (1\u00a0mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical adverse effects such as tremors (facial and generalized), bruxism, nystagmus, mydriasis, and vocalization were presented in all the medetomidine\/opioid treatments. Clinical adverse effects were observed at 10\u201390 minutes in medetomidine\/opioid treatments. Animals in all treatments were sedated at 5\u201390 minutes. Sedation was significantly higher in medetomidine\/opioid treatments than in medetomidine at 15\u201330 minutes after administration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In all treatments, heart rate and respiratory rate significantly decreased from baseline at 5\u2013105 and 30\u201360 minutes, respectively. There was no significant difference in heart and respiratory rates between different treatments at any time point. Ruminal motility was decreased in medetomidine and medetomidine\/opioid treatments at 10\u201375 and 10\u2013105 minutes, respectively. Compared with medetomidine, ruminal motility was significantly lower in medetomidine\/opioid treatments at 75\u2013105 minutes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of combinations of medetomidine\/opioids would be considered for superior sedation at 15\u201330 minutes after administration in goats. No significant differences were detected among opioids in combination with medetomidine in goats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T18:09:26Z","timestamp":1648663766000},"page":"1664-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative evaluation of the sedative and physiological effects of medetomidine alone and in combination with pethidine, morphine, tramadol, and methadone in goats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Salarpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehsanollah","family":"Sakhaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Saeed","family":"Samimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.696576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258589"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.6.992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12172"},{"volume-title":"Veterinary medicine: A text book of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats","year":"2017","author":"Constable P. D.","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20102995.2011.00655.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Sedative\/analgesic efficacy of medetomidine in goats","volume":"31","author":"Kalhoro A. B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102885.2003.00492.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0921\u20104488(99)00123\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921\u20104488(91)90039\u2010S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ols\u00e9n L. Ols\u00e9n K. Hydbring\u2010Sandberg E. Bondesson U. &Ingvast\u2010Larsson C.(2013).Methadone in healthy goats \u2013 Pharmacokinetics behaviour and blood pressure.Research in Veterinary Science 95 231\u2013237.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921\u20104488(95)00784\u20109"},{"volume-title":"Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics","year":"2017","author":"Riviere J. E.","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.07.002"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.806","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.806","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.806","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T02:55:10Z","timestamp":1692845710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.806","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2053-1095"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2053-1095"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}