{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:49:03Z","timestamp":1784774943533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013221","name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01\u201018\u201018\u2010054\u201096023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\u201018\u201018\u2010054\u201096023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Avian influenza type A viruses (AIV) can infect a broad range of hosts including human and birds, making them an important viral pathogen with zoonotic potential. Ducks are a known reservoir for many avian viruses including the AIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To sequence the entire genome of duck\u2010derived H3N2 and ran comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on them to study their origin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, 962 cloacal swabs were collected from domestic ducks at several live poultry markets (LPMs) of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces of Iran in the year 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preliminary assays such as haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), Neuraminidase Inhibition assay(NI) and RT\u2010qPCR suggested that 0.5% of the birds were infected by H3 low pathogenic influenza viruses (LPAI). Three isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing. The cleavage site of the HA genes showed a PEKQTR\/GLF motif, an indicator of LPAI. Furthermore, BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of the HA gene showed high homology to the Eurasian lineage of H3N8 AIV (95.5%\u201397.1% to several European and East Asian isolates). However, the NA genes showed high homology (at most 96.5\u201396.9%) to those belonging to AIV N2 subtype. Furthermore, internal genes showed high homology (96%\u201398%) to a variety of duck\u2010origin subtypes and glycoprotein combinations, which were different for each segment. This showed a complex reassortment between different subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This report is the first whole genome sequencing and complete characterisation of H3N2 AIV from Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Such surveillance should continue to study the evolution and possible emergence of viruses with pandemic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T18:59:25Z","timestamp":1654196365000},"page":"1594-1602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterisation, whole\u2010genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of three H3N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks at live poultry markets of Iran, 2017: First report"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Abtin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelhamid","family":"Shoushtari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Fallah Mehrabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidin","family":"Molouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Pourbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7370-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Pourtaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Eshratabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj 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