{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:01:17Z","timestamp":1792033277756,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bats are the natural reservoir host for many pathogenic and non\u2010pathogenic viruses, potentially spilling over to humans and domestic animals directly or via an intermediate host. The ongoing COVID\u201019 pandemic is the continuation of virus spillover events that have taken place over the last few decades, particularly in Asia and Africa. Therefore, these bat\u2010associated epidemics provide a significant number of hints, including respiratory cellular tropism, more intense susceptibility to these cell types, and overall likely to become a pandemic for the next spillover. In this systematic review, we analysed data to insight, through bat\u2010originated spillover in Asia and Africa. We used STATA\/IC\u201013 software for descriptive statistics and meta\u2010analysis. The random effect of meta\u2010analysis showed that the pooled estimates of case fatality rates of bat\u2010originated viral zoonotic diseases were higher in Africa (61.06%, 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    %\u00a0=\u00a097.3,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001). Moreover, estimates of case fatality rates were higher in Ebola (61.06%; 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    %\u00a0=\u00a097.3,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001) followed by Nipah (55.19%; 95%CI: 39.29 to 71.09,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    %\u00a0=\u00a094.2,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001), MERS (18.49%; 95%CI: 8.19 to 28.76,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    %\u00a0=\u00a095.4,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001) and SARS (10.86%; 95%CI: 6.02 to 15.71,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    %\u00a0=\u00a085.7,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001) with the overall case fatality rates of 29.86 (95%CI: 29.97 to 48.58,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    %\u00a0=\u00a099.0,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u00a00.001). Bat\u2010originated viruses have caused several outbreaks of deadly diseases, including Nipah, Ebola, SARS and MERS in Asia and Africa in a sequential fashion. Nipah virus emerged first in Malaysia, but later, periodic outbreaks were noticed in Bangladesh and India. Similarly, the Ebola virus was detected in the African continent with neurological disorders in humans, like Nipah, seen in the Asian region. Two important coronaviruses, MERS and SARS, were introduced, both with the potential to infect respiratory passages. This paper explores the dimension of spillover events within and\/or between bat\u2013human and the epidemiological risk factors, which may lead to another pandemic occurring. Further, these processes enhance the bat\u2010originated virus, which utilises an intermediate host to jump into human species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1652197956000},"page":"1787-1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Major bat\u2010borne zoonotic viral epidemics in Asia and Africa: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shahneaz Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Khulshi Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ashif","family":"Imtiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Khulshi Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mazharul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources Ministry of Municipality  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Zubayer","family":"Tanzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Khulshi Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance  New York New York"},{"name":"Centre for Integrative Ecology Deakin University  Geelong Campus Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahmudul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Khulshi Chattogram Bangladesh"},{"name":"Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland  Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afelt A. 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