{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:05:16Z","timestamp":1787738716271,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a widespread zoonotic protozoan parasite capable of infecting all warm\u2010blooded animals. Although the genotypes of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in pigs have been reported worldwide, there is no information on the genotypes and diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in pigs in Grenada, West Indies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aims of the present study were to isolate, genotype and determine the diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes in pigs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We carried out a modified agglutination test (MAT) on blood from 149 pig hearts collected from a local meat market. Myocardial tissue homogenate from pigs that tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was homogenized and inoculated into mice for isolation of the parasite. We collected mouse tissues and extracted DNA for genotyping based on 11 polymerase chain reaction\u2010restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG 3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22\u20108, C 29\u20102 and Apico).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of the 149 pig hearts, 31 (20.8%) tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      on MAT. Bioassays in mice yielded 12 isolates designated TgpgGr1 to TgpgGr12. Molecular characterisation of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      revealed four genotypes as follows: ToxoDB #2\u2010clonal type III (seven isolates); ToxoDB #7 (three isolates); ToxoDB #13 (one isolate); ToxoDB #30 (1 isolate). Overall, ToxoDB #2 was the most common (58%). Toxo database (DB) # 13, which causes interstitial pneumonia in affected mice, has also been reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in pigs in Grenada is lower than that in other surrounding Caribbean areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T09:39:15Z","timestamp":1657359555000},"page":"2005-2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    clonal type III is the dominant genotype identified in Grenadian pigs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Chikweto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2733-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calum","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Islands Research Foundation St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Iqbal","family":"Bhaiyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender P.","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Beltsville Agricultural Research Center United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service  Beltsville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u2010762R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4037\u20104044.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/15\u2010945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u20102811.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2013\u20100129.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002541"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20103306.1987.tb01426.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u2010902R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182009006015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2114.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey J. 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