{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:04:10Z","timestamp":1785841450266,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of survival data by linear or logistic model ignores censoring and skewness inherent in the mortality data. The objective of this study is to estimate the morbidity and mortality rates of kids and adult goats, identify important risk factors for mortality using survival analysis and summarise important causes of goat death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonparametric survival analysis and a piecewise exponential model (PEM) were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mortality rates of kids and adult goats were 0.629 and 0.302 per animal year, respectively. The 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of survival time of kids were 5, 162 and 1300 days, respectively, and those of adults and goats were 280, 828 and 1,735 days, respectively. Gastrointestinal\u2010related diseases, pneumonia, weak kid, agalactia, mismothering and heartwater (cowdriosis) were the most important causes of mortality. Constant piecewise exponential regression analysis of risk factors indicated that breed, kid birth weight, doe post\u2010partum weight (PPWT), birth type, birth year and precipitation variables were associated with (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) kid mortality rate. Pure Boer kids compared with Central Highland goat cross with Boer goats were 2.505 times at a higher probability of mortality (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). A 1\u2010kg increase in kid birth weight and dam PPWT reduces mortality probability by 32.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.000) and 6.4% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), respectively. Twin birth kids had a 1.512 times higher rate of mortality (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.001) than single\u2010born kids. A 1\u2010ml increment of 15 days of average precipitation significantly reduced kid mortality by 7.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination, extensive control of ticks and the use of proper comfortable housing to reduce the stress of goats are recommended. Scheduling a mating programme (May to early July) to match the kidding period to the less kid mortality seasons (end of the long rainy season) of flocks is also important to reduce kid mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T09:19:55Z","timestamp":1657444795000},"page":"2183-2193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mortality rate of Boer, Central Highland goat and their crosses in Ethiopia: Nonparametric survival analysis and piecewise exponential model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdachew","family":"Yitagesu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health University of Gondar  Gondar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enyiew","family":"Alemnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2019.102669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.2017.1289460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Clinical report on outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in goat in north Shewa, Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Alemnew E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agricultural & Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Retrospective study on kid mortality and associated risk factors for kid survival of newly introduced Boer goat breed in North Shewa Ethiopia","volume":"32","author":"Alemnew E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Survival analysis using SAS: A practical guide","author":"Allison P. 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F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"South African Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-42-27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.earth.20150403.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Gemiyu D.(2009).On\u2010farm performance evaluation of indigenous sheep and goats in Alaba Southern Ethiopia.https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10568\/2574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.2001.0919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Hary I.(2000).Effects of seasonality on the productivity of pastoral goat herds in northern Kenya.Institut f\u00fcr Nutztierwissenschaften der Landwirtschaftlich\u2010G\u00e4rtnerischen Fakult\u00e4t der Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Preliminary study on major health problems of the newly introduced Boer goat breed in Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Hunduma D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Applied Sciences Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921\u20104488(95)00704\u2010O"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2281868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2004.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Meyers J.(2017).The %NEWSURV family of macros: an update on the survival plotting macro %NEWSURV and an introduction to expansion macros.https:\/\/communities.sas.com\/kntur85557\/attachments\/kntur85557\/library\/3014\/2\/DV15.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010016\u20101018\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921\u20104488(99)00152\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Reproduction and survival analysis of Boer and their crosses with Central Highland goats in Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Mustefa A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Growth performance of Boer goats and their F1 and F2 crosses and backcrosses with Central Highland goats in Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Mustefa A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746\u20106148\u20108\u2010136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN20161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","volume-title":"Stata data analysis and statistical Software","author":"StataCorp L. 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