{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:00:03Z","timestamp":1793458803284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Investigating the global epidemiological patterns of<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>in pigs is required for accurate recognition and to establishing proper control programmes and preventive measures, as well as to decrease human exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To obtain a better understanding of the global prevalence of<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>in domestic pigs and factors that might influence the prevalence, a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines were followed. Multiple databases were used to identify literature published between January 2000 and December 2021, representing studies from 1985 to 2021, on<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>prevalence in domestic pigs. Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country Human Development Index (HDI), climate, pig management system, and diagnostic test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global pooled prevalence based on 60 manuscripts representing 32 countries and 65 pig populations was 2.02% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88\u20133.62) and the estimated pooled prevalence in different continents ranged from 0.00% to 11.8%.<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>was highest in low HDI countries (21.6%; 95% CI: 4.3\u201347.2), tropical wet climates (20.9%; 95% CI: 10.3\u201334.1), and non\u2010intensive pig farming systems (6.1%; 95% CI: 1.0\u201315.5).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While there were regional differences in<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>prevalence in domestic pigs, these were likely driven by country HDI and pig farming systems versus climatic factors. Increased biosecurity in outdoor pig production systems, focused meat inspections and promoting awareness could potentially decrease risk of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T21:19:38Z","timestamp":1663881578000},"page":"2466-2481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Global prevalence of<i>Trichinella<\/i>in pigs: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aida Vafae","family":"Eslahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"KarimiPourSaryazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5011-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meysam","family":"Olfatifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research Center Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Manuel Madeira","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA \u2013 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon Portugal and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS) Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Foroutan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Abadan University of Medical Sciences Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Robiul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"},{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Research Center Research Institute for Prevention of Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Ketzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Ross University West Farm Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010021\u201007365\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2020.25.24.1900527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vpoa.2020.100033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2018.e00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3578-8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2019.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10070261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304\u20104017(00)00341\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.11.01.00590\u2010en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) Nielsen S. 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