{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:08:58Z","timestamp":1785240538758,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular manifestations in dogs with leishmaniasis are frequent and complications in affected tissues can lead to blindness. Immune processes play a very important role in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammation. Therefore, the immunology of ocular manifestations in dogs with leishmaniasis remains complex and poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Estimation and characterisation of ocular and periocular manifestations in dogs naturally infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and investigation of the production site of specific anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present investigation used 53 confirmed dogs infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , presenting ocular and periocular lesions, and 10 control non\u2010infected dogs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Complete macroscopic ophthalmic examination of eyelids and globes was performed. Both total and anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies were studied in sera and aqueous humour (AH) of all dogs by ELISA technique. A Goldmann\u2013Witmer coefficient (\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      value) was calculated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The main ophthalmological findings were keratoconjunctivitis (71.7%; 38\/53), hyperplasia of conjunctival lymphoid follicles (54.7%; 29\/53), blepharitis (50.9%; 27\/53) and uveitis (20.7%; 11\/53). Ocular production of anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG was detected in 73.6% (39\/53) of infected dogs. There was no correlation between the antibody levels in AH and sera of the same dog. The mean anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG in AH was higher in uveitis, followed by lesions affecting only the adnexa (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). The highest mean\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      values were observed for uveitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings suggest that production of anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG in dogs infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      with ocular manifestations begin in situ and follows by a transfer of antibodies from the bloodstream to the AH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T23:35:15Z","timestamp":1666049715000},"page":"625-637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Study of ocular manifestations and humoral immune response in eyes of dogs with leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5212-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel F.","family":"El Goulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Equine and Small Animal Medicine Service, Clinical Department, National School of Veterinary Medicine Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Zribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Parasitology, Research Laboratory LR 11\u2010IPT\u201006 \u2018Medical Parasitology Biotechnology and Biomolecules\u2019 Pasteur Institute of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Sanhaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Equine and Small Animal Medicine Service, Clinical Department, National School of Veterinary Medicine Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Chabchoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Equine and Small Animal Medicine Service, Clinical Department, National School of Veterinary Medicine Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u00efda","family":"Bouratbine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Parasitology, Research Laboratory LR 11\u2010IPT\u201006 \u2018Medical Parasitology Biotechnology and Biomolecules\u2019 Pasteur Institute of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Gharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education University of Manouba Sidi Thabet Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafedh","family":"Abdelmelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrated Physiology Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte University of Carthage Jarzouna Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Les manifestations oculaires chez les chiens leishmaniens","volume":"34","author":"Amara A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Point Veterinaire"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Pigmentary keratitis in dogs \u2013 A study on incidence in 83 corneas","volume":"7","author":"Anoop S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2010.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4267\/2042\/56543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102\u201009352007000100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102\u201009352006000500011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782010005000079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.21.539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","author":"Collins B. 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