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A total of 2453 samples from poultry farms, 147 from hatcheries and 3237 from broiler slaughterhouses were analysed. To complement the epidemiological investigation, a questionnaire was administered to 29 poultry farmers to assess difficulty associated with implementing measures from different biosecurity categories (BCs) and awareness of the economic consequences associated with\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0detection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0spp. was detected in 2.9% of farm samples and 8.4% of slaughterhouse samples, whereas all hatchery samples tested negative. Across poultry categories, broilers showed the highest positivity rate (57\/977, 5.8%), followed by layers (10\/588, 1.7%) and breeders (4\/741, 0.5%). Serotyping was available for a subset of farm isolates, with\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Enteritidis\u00a0representing the most frequent serovar (83.3%). Generalised linear mixed\u2010effects models identified seasonality as a significant predictor of\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0occurrence. \u2018Depopulation process\u2019, \u2018manure and carcass removal\u2019, \u2018biological vector control\u2019 and \u2018disease management\u2019 were perceived as most challenging BCs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the first integrated assessment of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      occurrence across multiple components of the Serbian poultry production chain, combining retrospective surveillance data with a farmer\u2010based evaluation of biosecurity implementation. The findings identify critical points for\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0transmission and provide evidence to support targeted, context\u2010specific biosecurity interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vro2.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:39:33Z","timestamp":1789378773000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    spp. in Serbian poultry production (2020\u20132025): Retrospective trends and farmers\u2019 perceptions of biosecurity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Maleti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Zdravkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Kurelju\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Kurelju\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"De Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Bologna  Ozzano dell'Emilia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Radanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Jezimirovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Graziosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Bologna  Ozzano dell'Emilia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","article-title":"The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses report","volume":"22","author":"European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1504717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30418-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Salmonella (non\u2010typhoidal).2018. 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