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In Pennsylvania, 2\u20133 million rural residents use private water supplies for domestic purposes, yet Pennsylvania has no state\u2010wide well drilling standards or water quality testing requirements for private water sources. The lack of implemented standards and monitoring hides potential water supply and quality issues and may affect water trust, health, and overall water insecurity. Therefore, we conducted two interlinked systematic reviews to understand (1) social perspectives around water insecurity among private water supply users in Pennsylvania and (2) associations between private water sources and health outcomes. Using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Compendex, and Google Scholar, we identified 10 articles (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    1) for the first review and 15 for the second (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    2). Results indicated water insecurity relates to perceived and measured water quality problems. Common sources of water quality issues were chemical contamination (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    1\u2009=\u20095,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    2\u2009=\u20098), biological contamination (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    1\u2009=\u20093,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    2\u2009=\u20097), and proximity to shale gas drilling (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    1\u2009=\u20096,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    2\u2009=\u20094). Four articles measured health effects including thyroid health, risk for Parkinson's disease, and effects related to TCE\/PCB contamination and proximity to shale gas drilling, while others discussed poor water quality potentially causing gastrointestinal illnesses. These reviews indicate opportunities for increased water testing for private water users and education for water quality health risks. Emerging literature emphasizes a surge of research interest in examining the social perceptions and health effects of water in Pennsylvania.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Engineering Water &gt; Water, Health, and Sanitation<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Human Water &gt; Water Governance<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Science of Water &gt; Water Quality<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T06:31:32Z","timestamp":1766730692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water Insecurity, Social Perspectives, and Health Impacts in Private Drinking Water Sources in Pennsylvania: Two Systematic Literature Reviews"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2726-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M. T.","family":"Broyles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie B.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddhi","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Boser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State Extension, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara B.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State Sustainability, Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-1447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asher Y.","family":"Rosinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752\u20101688.1990.tb01384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3146771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2015.992684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010069X\u201011\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Bacteriological Quality of Ground Water Used for Household Supply, Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland (Water Resources Investigations Report Nos. 96\u2013425; National Water Quality Assessment Program)","author":"Bickford T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40980\u2010024\u201000128\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Birth Outcomes in Pennsylvania, U.S.A","volume":"27","author":"Casey J. 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