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Demographic research on disasters advances understanding of climate impacts on coastal populations exposed to tropical cyclones, storm surge, and flooding. However, rigorous study designs that allow for inferences about causal mechanisms are needed. We review natural experimental study design elements and research findings from four demographic surveys disrupted by large\u2010scale disasters. Two studies focus on the effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans' population and the other two on the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 T\u014dhoku Tsunami effects in Indonesia and Japan, respectively. Three elements of the studies' designs support the most novel findings: measures of pre\u2010 and post\u2010disaster demographic and health outcomes; multiple post\u2010disaster follow\u2010up data waves; and measures of variability in hazard exposure and impact. Two other design elements, population representation and the existence of an unexposed control group, are less critical. Study results advanced knowledge of the effects of damage\u2010related displacement on mental and physical health and wellbeing, as well as harder\u2010to\u2010observe effects of disaster exposure on mortality and fertility outcomes. Acknowledging that natural experiments are rare, we evaluate opportunities for research on hazard exposures and population outcomes using administrative data, existing panel surveys, and new retrospective surveys. Linkage of these data sources to hazard exposure data can expand geographic and population coverage in this field and accelerate understanding of climate\u2010related impacts on population outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge &gt; Sociology\/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Assessing Impacts of Climate Change &gt; Observed Impacts of Climate Change<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change &gt; Behavior Change and Responses<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.70031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T07:24:13Z","timestamp":1763969053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Learning From Natural Experiments to Accelerate Demographic Research on Climate\u2010Related Threats to Human Populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fussell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Studies and Training Center and Institute at Brown for Environment and Society  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0530-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Division The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayan","family":"Sastry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2002.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201016636\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12289"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000433"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010soc\u2010121919\u2010054827"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111\u2010014\u20100221\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030538"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dem.2019.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X18001231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203714775"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731121414561124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111\u2010020\u201000348\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100779"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","unstructured":"Cahoon L. 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