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Since the 1950s, the principal tools of climate science have been computer simulation models of the global general circulation. From the 1990s to the present, a trend toward increasingly comprehensive coupled models of the entire climate system has dominated the field. Climate model evaluation and intercomparison is changing modeling into a more standardized, modular process, presenting the potential for unifying research and operational aspects of climate science.\n                    <jats:italic>WIREs Clim Change<\/jats:italic>\n                    2011 2 128\u2013139 DOI: 10.1002\/wcc.95\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Climate, History, Society, Culture &gt; Technological Aspects and Ideas<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Climate Models and Modeling &gt; Knowledge Generation with Models<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,23]],"date-time":"2010-12-23T14:33:11Z","timestamp":1293114791000},"page":"128-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["History of climate modeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1686.0026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1735.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112631102","volume-title":"Meteorologische Untersuchungen.","author":"Dove HW.","year":"1837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_5_2","first-page":"287","article-title":"An essay on the winds and currents of the ocean.","volume":"11","author":"Ferrel W.","year":"1856","journal-title":"Nashv J Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/607921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/608185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_8_2","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Climate and Man.","author":"Russell RJ.","year":"1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-940033-70-9_80"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_10_2","volume-title":"Weather Prediction by Numerical Process.","author":"Richardson LF.","year":"1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9890-3.50019-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49707933916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9890-3.50020-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0039:CTDOTG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708235202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_16_2","unstructured":"Adh\u00e9marAJ.Les r\u00e9volutions de la mer. 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