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Environmental odorants are \u2018smelled\u2019 via the external nostrils, while volatile chemicals in food\u2014detected by the same receptors\u2014arrive via the nasopharynx, contributing to flavor. This arrangement allows the brain to link the consequences of eating with a food's odor, and then later to use this information in the search for food. Recognizing an odorant\u2014a food, mate, or predator\u2014requires the detection of complex chemical blends against a noisy chemical background. The brain solves this problem in two ways. First, by rapid adaptation to background odorants so that new odorants stand out. Second, by pattern matching the neural representation of an odorant to prior olfactory experiences. This account is consistent with olfactory sensory physiology, anatomy, and psychology. Odor perception, and its products, may be subject to further processing\u2014olfactory cognition. While olfactory cognition has features in common with visual or auditory cognition, several aspects are unique, and even those that are common may be instantiated in different ways. These differences can be productively used to evaluate the generality of models of cognition and consciousness. Finally, the olfactory system can breakdown, and this may be predictive of the onset of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's, as well as having prognostic value in other disorders such as schizophrenia. <jats:italic>WIREs Cogn Sci<\/jats:italic> 2013, 4:273\u2013284. doi: 10.1002\/wcs.1224<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Psychology &gt; Perception and Psychophysics<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,30]],"date-time":"2013-01-30T17:42:39Z","timestamp":1359567759000},"page":"273-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Olfactory perception, cognition, and dysfunction in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Richard 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