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This includes food preferences and choices (e.g., effects of learning, advertising, and cultural taboos), food habits relating to when and how much to eat (e.g., the concept of meals, dieting, and hunger strikes), the perception of food (e.g., the influence of appearance, food labels, and conceptions of naturalness), and how food perception is influenced by expertise. We also review how these various influences are disrupted by abnormalities of cognition (e.g., Gourmand syndrome, amnesia, and anorexia nervosa). The second part of the overview focuses on how diet affects cognition. We start by looking at the acute effects of diet, notably the impact of breakfast on cognitive performance in children. This is followed by a review of the effects of extended dietary exposures\u2014years and lifetimes of particular diets. Here we look at the impacts of protein\u2010energy malnourishment and Western\u2010style diets, and their different, but adverse affects on cognition, and the beneficial effects on cognition of breast\u2010feeding and certain dietary practices. We then outline how diet and cooking may have allowed the evolution of the large energy\u2010hungry human brain. This overview serves to illustrate the multiple interactions that exist between cognition and diet, their importance to health and disease, and their impact on thinking about the role of conscious processes in decision making. <jats:italic>WIREs Cogn Sci<\/jats:italic> 2014, 5:463\u2010475. doi: 10.1002\/wcs.1290<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article is categorized under:\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Psychology &gt; Emotion and Motivation<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Psychology &gt; Perception and Psychophysics<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Psychology &gt; Reasoning and Decision Making<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T12:39:04Z","timestamp":1395837544000},"page":"463-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human diet and 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