{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:23:54Z","timestamp":1789611834747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HD086658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HD086658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIRES Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Working memory (WM), the ability to maintain information in service to a task, is characterized by its limited capacity. Several influential models attribute this limitation in a large extent to\n                    <jats:italic>proactive interference<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PI), the phenomenon that previously encoded, now\u2010irrelevant information competes with relevant information. Here, we look back at the adult PI literature, spanning over 60\u2009years, as well as recent results linking the ability to cope with PI to WM capacity. In early development, WM capacity is even more limited, yet an accounting for the role of PI has been lacking. Our Focus Article aims to address this through an integrative account: since PI resolution is mediated by networks involving the frontal cortex (particularly, the left inferior frontal gyrus) and the posterior parietal cortex, and since children have protracted development and less recruitment of these areas, the increase in the ability to cope with PI is a major factor underlying the increase in WM capacity in early development. Given this, we suggest that future research should focus on mechanistic studies of PI resolution in children. Finally, we note a crucial methodological implication: typical WM paradigms repeat stimuli from trial\u2010to\u2010trial, facilitating, inadvertently, PI and reducing performance; we may be fundamentally underestimating children's WM capacity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Psychology &gt; Memory<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Neuroscience &gt; Cognition<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Neuroscience &gt; Development<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T18:53:37Z","timestamp":1645556017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Proactive interference and the development of working memory"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mollie","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0679-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsa","family":"Kaldy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35066572"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-072720-094140"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012102570-0\/50010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089504"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.4231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi075"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.23.5.655"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.33.3.570"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037429"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn3101_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03331404"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03334818"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410371676"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Variation in working memory","author":"Braver T. 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