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We aim to emphasize its complex nature which includes representational and phenomenological dimensions. The former implies that its neural correlates depend on the type and complexity of the cue stimulus, as different classes of stimuli are represented in distributed ventral visual and medial temporal regions. The second dimension relates to the subjective feeling of familiarity, which results from a fluency signal that is attributed to past encounters with the stimulus. We review mnemonic and non\u2010mnemonic sources of fluency that can induce a sense of familiarity, as well as cases where fluency is not attributed to memory, among which the phenomenological experience of d\u00e9j\u00e0\u2010vu. Across these two dimensions, we highlight key questions to be answered by future studies to improve our understanding of the underpinnings of this form of memory and contribute to building an integrative neurocognitive model of familiarity. Essential to this aim is the clarification of the computational, cognitive, and neural mechanisms involved, namely global matching, fluency attribution, and sharpening. Furthermore, future research is needed to unravel the relationships between these mechanisms. We argue that to achieve these goals, researchers must use appropriate behavioral paradigms and clearly define which dimension of familiarity they investigate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T07:20:25Z","timestamp":1730964025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Multiple Dimensions of Familiarity: From Representations to Phenomenology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Gardette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIGA Research, CRC Human Imaging University of Li\u00e8ge  Liege Belgium"},{"name":"Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Department of Psychology University of Li\u00e8ge  Liege 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