{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:38:27Z","timestamp":1787938707915,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019345","name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSRG\u20102024\u2010063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG\u20102024\u2010063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["WIRES Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inner speech decoding is the process of identifying silently generated speech from neural signals. In recent years, this candidate technology has gained momentum as a possible way to support communication in severely impaired populations. Specifically, this approach promises hope for people with a variety of physical or neurological disabilities who need alternative means of verbal expression. This review covers recording modalities that range from the noninvasive EEG to the high\u2010density electrocorticography and discusses how linear discriminant analysis, deep convolutional networks, and hybrid fusion of EEG with fMRI are integrated into machine learning strategies to infer covert speech. This review synthesizes evidence to suggest that small vocabularies, under controlled conditions, can yield relatively reasonable accuracy while further refining the decoding outcome via context\u2010based approaches. The impact of sensor quality, training data size, and domain adaptation is illustrated by focusing on public datasets of imagined or articulated speech. Throughout the article, the methodological standards emerging across laboratories will be discussed, emphasizing that effective inner speech recognition involves high\u2010quality preprocessing, subject calibration, and informed modeling choices balanced against computational power for interpretability. In addition to technical advancements, this review also examines the ethical, societal, and regulatory challenges surrounding inner speech decoding, including brain data privacy, neural rights, informed consent, and user trust. Addressing these interdisciplinary issues is critical for the responsible development and real\u2010world adoption of such technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Neuroscience &gt; Computation<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Computer Science and Robotics &gt; Machine Learning<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.70016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T02:34:43Z","timestamp":1762137283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inner Speech Decoding: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maram Fahaad","family":"Almufareh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences Jouf University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Salman Center for Disability Research  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaira","family":"Kausar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence\u2010AI Bahria University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoona","family":"Humayun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing School of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Roehampton  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samabia","family":"Tehsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence\u2010AI Bahria University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence\u2010AI Bahria University  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11192653"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11202763"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101119\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548\u2010016\u20100507\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0371"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910\u2010017\u20100220\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Metrology and Applications","author":"Chandra S.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263X.2016.1263910"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12935"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3132861"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","unstructured":"Darwish H. A.Al Malah K.Al Jallad andN.Ghneim.2024.\u201cArEEG_Chars: Dataset for Envisioned Speech Recognition Using EEG for Arabic Characters.\u201d Preprint arXiv abs\/2402.15733."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","volume-title":"Ethnologue: Languages of the World","author":"Eberhard D. 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