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Somites are formed by a genetic mechanism that is regulated by cyclical expression of genes in the Notch, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways. These oscillators together with signaling gradients within the presomitic mesoderm help to set somitic boundaries and rostral\u2013caudal polarity that are essential for the precise patterning of the vertebral column. Disruption of this mechanism has been identified as the cause of severe segmentation defects of the vertebrae in humans. These segmentation defects are part of a spectrum of spinal disorders affecting the skeletal elements and musculature of the spine, resulting in curvatures such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. While the etiology of most disorders with spinal curvatures is still unknown, genetic and developmental studies of somitogenesis and patterning of the axial skeleton and musculature are yielding insights into the causes of these diseases.\n                    <jats:italic>WIREs Dev Biol<\/jats:italic>\n                    2012, 1:401\u2013423. doi: 10.1002\/wdev.34\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article is categorized under:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Early Embryonic Development &gt; Development to the Basic Body Plan<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Vertebrate Organogenesis &gt; Musculoskeletal and Vascular<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Birth Defects &gt; Organ Anomalies<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,5]],"date-time":"2012-03-05T19:04:10Z","timestamp":1330974250000},"page":"401-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Scoliosis and segmentation defects of the vertebrae"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Walter L.","family":"Eckalbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Rawls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenro","family":"Kusumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"Clinically Oriented Anatomy.","author":"Moore KL","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","unstructured":"The Netter Collection of Medical Images.Available at:http:\/\/www.netterimages.com\/. 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