{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:23:40Z","timestamp":1791271420167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WIREs Developmental Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the developing embryo, appropriate patterning of the endoderm fated to become pancreas requires the spatial and temporal coordination of soluble factors secreted by the surrounding tissues. Once pancreatic progenitor cells are specified in the developing gut tube epithelium, epithelial\u2013mesenchymal interactions, as well as a cascade of transcription factors, subsequently delineate three distinct lineages, including endocrine, exocrine, and ductal cells. Simultaneous morphological changes, including branching, vascularization, and proximal organ development, also influence the process of specification and differentiation. Decades of research using mouse genetics have uncovered many of the key factors involved in pancreatic cell fate decisions. When pancreas development or islet cell functions go awry, due to mutations in genes important for proper organogenesis and development, the result can lead to a common pancreatic affliction, diabetes mellitus. Current treatments for diabetes are adequate but not curative. Therefore, researchers are utilizing the current understanding of normal embryonic pancreas development <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, to direct embryonic stem cells toward a pancreatic fate with the goal of transplanting these <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> generated \u2018islets\u2019 into patients. Mimicking development <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> has proven difficult; however, significant progress has been made and the current differentiation protocols are becoming more efficient. The continued partnership between developmental biologists and stem cell researchers will guarantee that the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> generation of insulin\u2010producing <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> cells is a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes. <jats:italic>WIREs Dev Biol<\/jats:italic> 2011. doi: 10.1002\/wdev.44<\/jats:p><jats:p>For further resources related to this article, please visit the <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/wires.wiley.com\/remdoi.cgi?doi=10.1002\/wdev.44\">WIREs website<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T18:02:39Z","timestamp":1331748159000},"page":"609-628","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The endocrine pancreas: insights into development, differentiation, and diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Teresa 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