{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:42:02Z","timestamp":1762252922769},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label \/><jats:p>This study evaluated the ability of hydrous ferric oxide reactive filtration (HFO\u2010RF) to remove mercury (Hg) from municipal secondary effluent at four study sites. Pilot HFO\u2010RF systems (136\u00a0m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/day) at two sites demonstrated total Hg concentration removal efficiencies of 96% (inflow\/outflow mean total Hg: 43.6\/1.6 \u00a0ng\/L) and 80% (4.2\/0.8 ng\/L). A lightly loaded medium\u2010scale HFO\u2010RF system (950\u00a0m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/day) had a concentration removal efficiency of 53% (0.98\/0.46\u00a0ng\/L) and removed 0.52\u00a0mg\/day of total Hg and 2.2\u00a0\u03bcg\/day of methyl\u2010Hg. A full\u2010scale HFO\u2010RF system (11,400\u00a0m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/day) yielded a total Hg concentration removal efficiency of 97% (87\/2.7\u00a0ng\/L) and removed an estimated 0.36\u00a0kg\/year of Hg. Results suggest that the quality of secondary effluent, including dissolved organic matter content, affects achievable minimum total Hg concentrations in effluent from HFO\u2010RF systems. Low HFO\u2010RF effluent concentrations (&lt;1\u00a0ng\/L) can be expected when treating secondary effluent from suspended\u2010growth biological treatment systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Trace levels of mercury in municipal secondary effluent can negatively impact receiving waters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Hydrous ferric oxide reactive filtration (HFO\u2010RF) can remove mercury from municipal secondary effluent to levels below the Great Lakes Initiative discharge standard of 1.3 ng\/L.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Mercury removal to low concentrations (&lt; 1 ng\/L) using HFO\u2010RF appears to be associated with secondary effluents with low dissolved organic matter content.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>HFO\u2010RF can also remove total phosphorus and turbidity to low concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T15:05:08Z","timestamp":1549638308000},"page":"132-143","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mercury removal from municipal secondary effluent with hydrous ferric oxide reactive filtration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Marc W.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Merced  Merced California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Dent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miles Community College  Miles City Montana"},{"name":"Hydrometrics, Inc.  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