{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:43:10Z","timestamp":1788932590224,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010270","name":"Water Environment and Reuse Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WERF1C15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WERF1C15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Solids retention time (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRT<\/jats:styled-content>) is one of the most important factors in designing and operating activated sludge systems for biological wastewater treatment. Longer <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRT<\/jats:styled-content>s have been shown to alter the structure and function of microbial communities, thereby leading to improved treatment efficacy with respect to bulk and trace organics, nutrient removal, and membrane fouling. Research has also shown that longer <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRT<\/jats:styled-content>s and\/or higher influent antibiotic concentrations may lead to increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance. However, it is unclear whether elevated, yet subclinical, concentrations of antibiotics also impact the overall microbial community. The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in microbial community structure in a laboratory\u2010scale activated sludge system as a function of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRT<\/jats:styled-content> (2\u201320\u00a0days) and influent concentrations (1\u00d7\u2013100\u00d7 ambient) of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vancomycin. Changes in microbial community structure were evaluated based on 16S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> gene sequencing, and microbial community function was evaluated based on changes in effluent water quality, including attenuation of bulk and trace organics. The results confirmed that longer <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRT<\/jats:styled-content>s\u2014but not antibiotic loadings\u2014had a significant impact on microbial community structure and effluent water quality. Therefore, moderate spikes in influent antibiotic concentrations are not expected to adversely impact biological wastewater treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Longer SRTs lead to changes in microbial community structure, including alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of various taxa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Enhanced TOrC attenuation at longer SRTs may be linked to biomass abundance rather than changes in microbial community structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Moderate spikes in influent antibiotic concentrations do not impact activated sludge performance or microbial community structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes comprise a majority of the microbial community in primary effluent and mixed liquor. <\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T07:00:09Z","timestamp":1548745209000},"page":"546-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impacts of solids retention time and antibiotic loading in activated sludge systems on secondary effluent water quality and microbial community structure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8019-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gerrity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering and Construction University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Neyestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering and Construction University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada"},{"name":"Carollo Engineers  Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"11601","article-title":"Trends in micropollutant biotransformation along a solids retention time gradient","volume":"52","author":"Achermann S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w8120580"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Caporaso J. 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